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Elena Andradas Aragonés, Deputy Director General - Health Promotion and Epidemiology -
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- Навигация на страницата:
- Ignacio Sola Barleycorn, Secretary, Council for the Promotion of Equal Treatment
- Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia, (Chairman of the Unión Romaní) and deputy chairman of the Council
- Discussion with the EESC: The three EESC members held a discussion with the government representatives. The first issue discussed
- Antonio Vázquez Saavedra - Extremadura Federation of Roma Associations - FAGEX
- Humberto García - Roma Secretariat Foundation (FSG)
- Ricardo Hernández Jiménez - GAZ KALO Navarre Federation of Roma Associations
- Rosalía Vázquez Barrul - ALBOREA Association of Roma Women
- José Antonio Jiménez Jiménez - Asturias Roma Association (UNGA)
- Francisco Virseda Barca - First Deputy Ombudsman Eugenia Relaño Pastor - Consultant in the fields of migration and equal treatment
- Francisco Javier Ramírez Caro, Managing Director - Institute for Relocation and Social Integration (IRIS)
- Phase one : inspecting slum housing
- Phase two : a group of social workers and trainers is sent in, 2-3 per settlement.
- IRISs other activities
- Meeting with the Roma Secretariat Foundation (FSG) Álvaro Gutiérrez, Department of Employment - Employment (ACCEDER)
Elena Andradas Aragonés, Deputy Director General - Health Promotion and Epidemiology - Directorate General for Public Health, Quality and Innovation Ms Andradas briefed those present on health policies relating to the Roma and their specific situation. In 1985, a health group was set up within the CEPG to work on developing health policies. In 2005, the working group on health decided to survey the health of the Roma population with a view to targeting health policy more effectively. In 2006, the first national survey of health in the Roma community was carried out, in order to determine whether inequalities existed and, if so, how to overcome them. The results have been published online: http://ec.europa.eu/health/social_determinants/docs/spain_rd03_en.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/health/social_determinants/docs/spain_rd03_en.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/health/social_determinants/docs/spain_rd03_en.pdf On the basis of the results, recommendations and proposals were made, particularly in the field of access to health and prevention. The Spanish healthcare system is public and universal and management is decentralised to the regional governments (Autonomous Communities). Therefore, the recommendations are aimed at the autonomous communities that are responsible for healthcare management. This is a cross-sectorial project, which also involves the Roma themselves and includes the training of professionals in the health sector and awareness-raising campaigns. A public health committee was set up, with members representing the health directors of the autonomous communities, to implement the recommendations made in the first survey. A second survey was carried out in 2013. The results should be available by the end of 2014.
Mr Sola informed the EESC delegation that the Council for the Promotion of Equal Treatment had been created with the transposition of Directive 2000/43, and is formed of different authorities from the national, regional and local levels, business and trade union organisations, and NGOs working to promote equality and non-discrimination on the grounds of ethnic origin. The Council has operated since 2009, since when it has adopted two work plans, the more recent of which covers the period 2013-2015. Its role is to advise victims of discrimination, and issue studies, research, reports and recommendations on promoting measures aimed at achieving equality. It also prepares the Council's annual activities report.
The next speaker was Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia, (Chairman of the Unión Romaní) and deputy chairman of the Council. He agreed with the government's views, but emphasised that discrimination persists: Roma occupy the lowest position in Spanish society, suffering rising unemployment and, although health has improved considerably, infant mortality remains high among Roma children. Furthermore, the Council has a serious drawback: it is not independent. It works well, but does not meet the requirements of Directive 2000/43. The Council's deputy chairman stated that racism is also increasing in Spain, less so than in other countries, but here too it is alarming. He similarly condemned the fact that some judges and prosecutors fail to act decisively against discrimination. He cited the examples of attacks on Roma families in Estepa (Seville) and Castellar (Jaén). He also expressed his concern at the composition of the new European Parliament, with almost 100 MEPs representing xenophobic parties. Discussion with the EESC: The three EESC members held a discussion with the government representatives. The first issue discussed was the state of education in the Roma community. The rate of children (aged 0 to 6) in pre-school education is 87% and is 95% in compulsory primary education (between 6 and 12 years). The figures are thus very positive, although the greatest problem is truancy. Things are changing in secondary education (compulsory between the ages of 12 and 16): the situation is alarming since, according to a 2012 study, 64% leave school with no qualifications. Where university education is concerned, the figures are very poor, as only 2% of young Roma complete higher education (according to estimates). 30% of all government-sponsored programmes concern education. The EESC then enquired about the number of Roma working for government authorities and about whether school books made any reference to the history of the Roma. In their reply, the government representatives stated that it was extremely difficult to obtain such data, since Spanish law prohibits asking people to provide information about their ethnicity. Estimates suggest that there are Roma working in public authorities, but that their numbers remain low. On the issue of books, the answer was clear: school books make no reference to the history of the Roma, which is a failing in the education system. Publishers have enormous power and government rules are not sufficiently tough. The CEPG's working group on education is currently addressing this matter. A question was also asked about Spain's implementation of the Council of Europe’s campaign to combat stereotypes. The government representatives stated that this campaign is being carried out jointly with the main organisations representing the Roma community.
Mr Vásquez stated that the situation of the Roma people is highly complex and that a number of issues still need to be addressed. For example, life expectancy figures suggest that this is 8 years lower than for the rest of Spain's population. Failure at school is one of the main challenges. Where employment is concerned, the situation is very worrying, and the Roma unemployment rate is extremely high. Spain must also tackle the cultural issue, which is that the Roma people need recognition. Roma organisations should be given the power to design policies, bringing an end to the paternalistic approach. The establishment of the CEPG represented a major shift, because it makes it easier for Roma organisations to play a part in forming public policy.
Mr García started by looking at the employment figures, which are worrying and have worsened as a result of the current crisis. With regard to education, the rate for completing compulsory education is extremely low; the failure to integrate into society is alarming. The crisis has had a major impact on housing, since many families have grown poorer and cannot afford the cost of accommodation. Court-ordered evictions have increased and social housing policies have fallen in number: as a result, the number of people living in overcrowded and sub-standard housing is on the rise. Where equal treatment in Spain is concerned, problems are growing and racist incidents are multiplying. The national strategy is to be welcomed, but its workings much less so. The 2014-2016 action plan lacks clear indicators and budgetary resources, which could make it nothing more than a declaration of good intent. The CEPG is a useful working instrument but would need to have a more active role, that is to concentrate on proposing practical measures.
Mr Hernández pointed out that, although Spain provides a benchmark for other countries, the problems are still considerable. The CEPG is extremely important, and the national strategy is a very positive development. Progress is being made, but on the ground, problems still remain. The Spanish model, in which social policies are decentralised in favour of the Autonomous Communities (regional governments), sometimes makes implementing policies more complicated. As the Roma population is very young, education is crucial. Spain must invest more in closing the education and training gap faced by Roma children and young people. Greater investment is also needed in the fight against social exclusion and discrimination.
Ms Vázquez stated that Roma in Spain face considerable inequality and that Roma have not started from the same point as the rest of society. Specific measures are therefore needed. Roma women can drive change, because it is women who raise children within the family. What is essential for women is training. Women are the drivers of social change; Ms Vázquez criticised the lack of coordination between the national and regional governments: decisions taken at the national level are not implemented in the regions. She therefore proposed that the regions be involved in the work of the CEPG. She referred to the serious problem in housing. The crisis has resulted in more evictions and in new shanty towns. Ms Vasquez called for public housing policies to be expanded.
Mr Jiménez stated that the situation has worsened due to the crisis and that the situation is bad for Roma, as it is for other vulnerable groups. Businesses are hiring fewer Roma. The unions are doing nothing to address the situation, which means that most Roma operate in the hidden economy. The social economy could help create jobs; it is extremely important that the informal economy becomes a formal one. The social economy could be a useful direction to take. The CEPG is merely an advisory body and has no legislative power. One only has to look at the laws on urban waste, which prevent Roma from working in this field. There is the issue of business training that enables people to set up small businesses, in the retail trade, for example. Roma lack such training and to ensure they receive it, all economic stakeholders need to work together. The EESC members asked a number of questions, including: Are there conflicts between the different organisations representing the Roma? The CEPG members replied that the Roma community is highly diverse and there is a north/south divide and different social classes. There is a problem of cohesion, as the Roma population is diverse and heterogeneous. Cooperation between organisations in Spain is improving. How can men be involved in supporting women in these changes? Roma women need to be taught how to fight for their rights and to strive for excellence. Roma women want to get involved in politics, but need help to do so. Roma women are still lagging behind other women in the fight for equality. Are they familiar with the organisations based in Brussels? Yes, they are aware of some organisations working at the European level. The largest Spanish organisations are also members of European Roma networks. Is there a common language? There are different dialects, but across Europe, there is one language that everyone can understand: Romani, although this is not a language spoken by the Roma in Spain and Portugal. The Institute of Roma Culture, a public foundation overseen by the Ministry of Education and Culture, is tasked with promoting the Roma language and culture. What is participants' view on health and employment? The health of the Roma community has improved, but the figures remain worse than for the rest of the population: Roma have a life expectancy that is 8 years lower and suffer much poorer health. Health policies and health education need to be boosted for the Roma community. How can employment and entrepreneurship policies be used? Some progress has been made on the employment front, but not enough. For example, Roma still tend to earn their living through itinerant selling. It is not easy to leave the informal economy and set up businesses. New public programmes should be set up, combining vocational training and jobs. The programmes run by Roma organisations to promote jobs and entrepreneurship are to be welcomed.
The Ombudsman is the institution responsible for protecting people's fundamental rights and public freedoms, by scrutinising the work of the public authorities. Any member of the public may apply to the ombudsman and request his or her assistance, which is free of charge, to investigate any activity by a public authority or its employees that might be deemed improper. The ombudsman's office may also take action in cases that have come to its attention, even when no complaint has been made. Ms Relaño and Mr Virseda informed the EESC delegation that they did not receive many complaints from Roma individuals, probably due to their lack of confidence in the institutions. Furthermore, many Roma are unaware of the existence of the ombudsman, which explained why most complaints were submitted by NGOs. Only 4% of complaints submitted to the ombudsman concerned the Roma community. The most significant cases included:
At the meeting with the EESC delegation, a close look was taken at the transposition of Directive 2000/43 on combating discrimination, which obliges every Member State to set up an independent body to deal with discrimination. In Spain, the Council for the Promotion of Equal Treatment is not an entirely independent body, because it forms part of a government department. The Ombudsman called for the creation of an independent body, but this has not yet happened, and therefore the directive is considered to have been only partially implemented. In 2011, the government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero tabled a bill on equal treatment, but Parliament did not approve it, due to the elections being brought forwards. Mariano Rajoy's government has new legislation pending in this field. The Ombudsman considers that many problems relating to poverty and social exclusion among the Roma are problems faced by all of society. Political will is needed to address these issues but in times of crisis, it is hard to increase public spending, both on policies and on institutions.
IRIS, whose task is to boost public housing policies in the Community of Madrid (regional government) and to help municipalities to rehome people living in slums - not necessarily Roma - and to eradicate slum housing, promote citizenship and rights and thereby prevent the fraudulent use of public housing. It was set up in 1998 on the basis of Law 27/98. The entire region used to be covered by shanty towns, which have now largely been dismantled. In recent years, 110 shanty towns have been dismantled, totalling more than 10 000 shacks. Before IRIS was established, the policy consisted of building separate neighbourhoods, far from the city centre, but over time, shacks appeared on their edges and became ghettos that did not encourage social integration. In 1998, the creation of IRIS started a new phase. One example is La Celsa, which was dismantled a few years ago because it had become a ghetto. Now, a vocational training centre is based there. IRIS has invested over EUR 300 million in acquiring homes and EUR 112 million in social action programmes. It purchases existing homes and then renovates them, with a balanced geographical distribution. IRIS owns some 3 000 homes and employs 100 people, many of whom are social educators and teachers. IRIS carries out its work on the street, in places where people live in slums or substandard housing. It has cooperation agreements with other towns and cities in Spain and elsewhere in Europe. The objectives are to:
IRIS's work takes place in five phases: Phase one: inspecting slum housing Inspectors carry out observation missions when a new shanty town develops. Existing dwellings are monitored to ensure they do not expand. Since in Spain urban planning is a municipal responsibility, information is passed on to the municipalities and agreement is reached with them on the action to be taken. The government of the Community of Madrid is not responsible for land-use - this falls to the municipalities. The last shanty town in the Greater Madrid region, el Ventorro, is currently being dismantled. Other, smaller settlements remain, such as El Gallinero, where IRIS provides educational support, but the families there cannot be rehomed, due to their specific situation. Action will also be taken in La Cañada Real, a former livestock transit area. Nevertheless, it cannot be considered to be a shanty town, built with cast-off materials, as there are all types of buildings there, including businesses, shops, bars and houses. 546 slum dwellings currently remain in the city of Madrid, with 432 in the rest of the region. There are also a few shanty towns scattered here and there. These new settlements are occupied mainly by Roma and, in El Gallinero, by Roma from Romania. In El Ventorro, although most inhabitants are Roma, 20% are not. Phase two: a group of social workers and trainers is sent in, 2-3 per settlement. They work with families to prepare them for their new homes. Phase three: IRIS purchases homes on the open market, renovates them and makes them available to a housing assessment team. Phase four: the rehoming takes place, in a way that matches the characteristics of the housing and the family. The family signs a contract and moves into the home. The slum dwelling is knocked down immediately and 12-15 rehomings are arranged to take place on the same day. Together with the rental contract, there is a social agreement with commitments on children's education, living harmoniously with the neighbours, looking after common areas, etc. Homes are located in normal apartment buildings. These homes are not located in ghettoes, but in blocks of flats, in which Roma families are mixed with other people. The price of the rent depends on the size of the family and the number of rooms. Subsidies are also provided for people with disabilities, larger families or elderly family members. If the family's situation changes, the rental conditions will change accordingly. The minimum rent is EUR 65.63 per month. The maximum is EUR 132 per month, for a four-bedroom flat, although other charges are paid separately. Phase five: support for the family Each family is supported by a social worker for a maximum of five years. The social worker will introduce the family to the neighbours and assist them with administrative procedures. This is a successful process in 95% of cases. When families fail to meet the requirements (this applies to 4-5% of families), the legal department takes action to recover the home for IRIS. Families are never deemed non-compliant because they cannot afford to pay, but are when they prove unable to live alongside others or demonstrate a lack of commitment to the home they are given. Inspection teams check homes to avoid housing being illegally passed on to others. IRIS's other activities Work in other social housing not owned by IRIS. The ASIVECAM neighbourhood assistance service, which provides assistance to people living in public housing. 23 000 homes allocated by lot or in line with specific needs. In 2008, the neighbourhood assistance project started up as a pilot project in five Madrid neighbourhoods. Neighbours are listened to and a participatory assessment is carried out. http://tinyurl.com/opt58wv Helping people to organise themselves Mediation between neighbours in conflicts, to give neighbours a sense of empowerment. On-the-ground work in 533 neighbourhood communities. Workshops on recycling, gardening, sports, and acknowledging different cultures. This project operates in 19 municipalities in the Community of Madrid and employs 41 people. In 2012, more than 20 000 people took part in these programmes. IRIS won a prize in a United Nations competition. As a result of the crisis, many different types of family have requested housing. IRIS wishes to support Roma culture, through initiatives such as the Enrique Maya prizes for contributions to the social and cultural promotion of the Roma people. http://www.gitanos.org/actualidad/agenda/105673.htmlhttp://www.gitanos.org/actualidad/agenda/105673.html http://www.gitanos.org/actualidad/agenda/105673.html http://www.gitanos.org/actualidad/agenda/105673.html http://www.gitanos.org/actualidad/agenda/105673.html Juan de Dios Ramírez Heredia, Chairman of the Unión Romaní, who accompanied us on our visit to IRIS, spoke to clarify that while in other EU Member States such as Romania, the United Kingdom and France, many Roma are still travellers, and this is not the case in Spain, where Roma communities are settled. He also explained Barcelona's policies on housing and on eradicating shanty towns. Mr Ramírez Heredia concluded by calling for the authorities to increase public funding for such programmes.
FSG gave a short presentation of its organisation and activities. FSG uses a multi-disciplinary approach to promote the integration of Roma. The EESC delegation was then briefed by the FSG on a number of programmes and visited Cañada Real. The ACCEDER programme promotes labour mediation aimed at enabling Roma to find work. This programme is run with in conjunction with the Public Employment Service. It has 26 offices in 14 Spanish regions. It provides vocational training, raises awareness of the discrimination faced by the Roma and puts in place active employment policies. A major business network is involved with the programme in order to facilitate the hiring of workers. Work is carried out by a team, comprising a coordinator, mediators, intermediaries and advisers. Lines of action:
The "Learning by working" programme, which is a practical course lasting 6 months, with the first month being learning-based and the following five spent the workplace itself. Participation is voluntary and the FSG offers no payment. The "Learning by working" now running is the second of its kind. The results are: 80 000 beneficiaries, 68% of whom are Roma and 53% are women. 55 000 work contracts, although only 3.5% of these are permanent. The average duration of contracts in 2013 was 126 days. The impact of the crisis can be seen. With regard to self-employment, of the 550 people registered, 164 completed the programme successfully. This programme has helped bring about a change of mentality not only for the Roma beneficiaries but also for the authorities and for wider society.
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