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Mónica Chamorro, Department of Education- Education (PROMOCIONA)
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- Навигация на страницата:
- Visit to Cañada Real with the FSG
- Ana Conde Trescastro, Director General
- Juan Carlos Navarro Zafra, Head of the Roma Community Secretariat
- Juan de Dios Ramírez de Heredia – U-Romani / Manuel García Rondón and the Secretary General - Visit to the Torreblanca Project
- Guadalupe Quirós / Belén Vázquez - Aula abierta [Open Classroom] (Education) - Acercar a las familias a la escuela - Gadyé [Bringing families closer to schools] (Education) - Kerelo Buti (Employment)
- Beatriz Carrillo - Fakali - Federation of Associations of Roma Women
- Poverty and social exclusion
- Combating discrimination
- Institutional recognition of the Roma community
- REPORT ON THE FOURTH COUNTRY VISIT – BULGARIA 20 and 21 October 2014 Members: Ákos Topolanszky (Gr. III), Ivan Kokalov (Gr. II)
Mónica Chamorro, Department of Education- Education (PROMOCIONA) Maite Andrés, Department of Social Inclusion – Housing The aim of the PROMOCIONA programme is to ensure that young Roma complete compulsory education and continue their studies. It offers educational support for young Roma and their families. The programme operates at different stages: support with enrolment, combating truancy and early school-leaving, promoting multiculturalism, and training and awareness-raising for teachers. It started in 2009, as part of the multi-regional programme to combat discrimination (funded by the ESF) Despite the progress that has been made (80% of children enrolled in early years education and 93% in primary education), academic results in secondary education are less positive; there is truancy (20%) and early school-leaving and the percentage of young Roma (both boys and girls) in post-compulsory education is extremely low. The programme's target group is children aged 12-16. Its aims are to: raise the success rate at the end of primary education and improve access to post-compulsory studies. Children and their families are worked with individually and in groups with educational support. In 2012-2013, there were 88 classes, 139 groups and 975 beneficiaries. Coordination also takes place with schools and work is done with the community.
Accompanied by the FSG's housing team, a visit was made to this neighbourhood, in which many families, both Roma and others, live. Cañada Real is a very tough neighbourhood, containing areas of serious social exclusion. It is 16 kilometres long, with some parts that are better, while others are extremely poor, with unpaved roads and no electricity. There are rubbish dumps and an incinerator complex nearby, which also cause health problems. Furthermore, due to the high volume of drug-dealing, police operations were taking place at the time of the visit. The FSG works together with social work teams, who encourage school attendance, distribute foodstuffs and look after children at a reception centre where they can play, study, etc. Families are asking for conditions to be improved, for public transport to be extended to the area and for electricity, water, etc. to be provided. There are some shacks, but most are houses (built without building permits); some people are calling for these homes to be legalised. This situation affects the conditions in which people live, just a short distance from the centre of Madrid. The contrast between this place and the city is huge.
Almost half of Spain's Roma population lives in Andalusia and forms part of the region's identity. 70% of the Roma population live normal lives, but 30% have been seriously affected by the crisis and social exclusion and it is these people that public policies are intended to help. The greatest problems:
The EESC delegation enquired about the recent attacks in Andalusia on a number of Roma families. Ms Conde considered that the attacks were directed towards one specific Roma family, and not towards the community as a whole. The Andalusian Regional Government did not view these attacks as racist in nature.
The EESC delegation's meeting with Mr Navarro was extremely interactive, and entailed an open dialogue and many questions and comments. Andalusia has around 8 300 000 inhabitants, of whom 350 000 are estimated to be Roma, which equates to almost half of all Roma in Spain. As public registers in Spain are not authorised to provide data on ethnic origin, these are sociological estimates. 30% of Roma live in vulnerable situations, including social exclusion. They are the policies' intended beneficiaries. Roma families have a higher birth-rate (double) but also a higher mortality rate and lower life expectancy. In Andalusia, most of the Roma population lives in Seville, but the highest percentage is to be found in Granada (7.6% of the population). Most Roma are fully integrated into society and the population is stable rather than nomadic.
Primary education is universal; 90% of the population is literate. The most serious problem (as it is throughout Spain) is truancy: early school-leaving accounts for only 10% in primary education (6-12 years old), but increases in secondary school and exceeds 70% for girls. Segregation is a major issue, with some schools having a high concentration of Roma children. Few young Roma attend university, although data is hard to obtain, because no censuses provide information on ethnicity and the Roma population does not have specific anthropomorphic features.
Andalusia, as everywhere in Spain, has a universal healthcare system. The most serious problems affect the 30% of the Roma population at risk of exclusion:
In the last 30 years, the quality of housing for the Roma population has improved considerably in both Spain and Andalusia. Most Roma families (88%) live in apartments (flats), but many problems remain in certain neighbourhoods, such as segregation, overcrowding, low-quality housing, etc.). 4% still live in shanty towns and 8% in substandard housing. In recent years, new Roma groups have arrived from Romania and Bulgaria and a number of slum settlements have developed, along with more of a travellers' lifestyle.
The first Roma arrived in Andalusia in 1492, a process of syncretism started and they became part of Andalusian culture. Andalusia cannot be understood without the Roma. Social exclusion does not occur for ethnic or cultural reasons but due to the poverty afflicting some Roma.
Years ago, textbooks referred to the Roma's poverty but said nothing about their values, except in relation to the arts. The Roma community remains the most discriminated against in Spain and is four times more likely to face exclusion that the rest of the population (accounting for 2% of the population but 14% of those who are excluded). Although all forms of discrimination are prohibited by law, 40% of people say they would not want to live next to Roma. This rejection is linked to Roma's position on the margins of society. In Spain, the term "gypsy" is associated with negative stereotypes (see the Dictionary debate), leading to discriminatory practices. The textbooks need to be changed, because they currently make no reference to the history of the Roma in Spain. The way in which the media reproduce negative stereotypes is alarming. For example, the programme "Gypsy's word" on 4TV essentially bought a family in order to sell these stereotypes on a reality show. The programme was reported to the authorities, but the public prosecutor's office did not consider that any offence had been committed. The image of the Roma suffered greatly as a result of the programme. The regional government is drawing up a set of ten good practices, which are ethical guidelines rather than legal requirements. It is also working on a social network monitoring centre. European Directive 2000/43 makes it mandatory to set up independent bodies to combat discrimination, but the existing bodies in Spain are not independent. In Andalusia, there is no specific body working in this area, but there are advisory councils for women, immigrants, etc. A strategy specific to Andalusia is also being developed for the integration of Roma, through a body such as the CEPG, but with a regional scope.
Roma women do not use the administrative or judicial procedures available to women: few Roma women make formal complaints about gender-based violence. Women find it difficult to report someone from their own ethnic group, as this is viewed negatively by the community and could lead to the woman being ostracised. The Regional Government of Andalusia considers women to be the drivers of change. Campaigns are run together with Roma women's organisations with the aim of empowering Roma women.
Specifically for Roma: financial support from the municipalities to carry out long-term projects in conjunction with NGOs. 60 municipalities are currently working on projects targeting Roma and which receive this support. NGOs also receive funding, in areas such as health, equality, education and employment. Non-specific (targeting the entire population):
In Andalusia, as elsewhere in Spain, the public healthcare system is universal and is of high quality. The system is funded from the public purse and accounts for 30% of Andalusia's budget. The current health plan is the fourth, and contains specific measures for excluded persons, many of whom are Roma. The crisis has affected people's health and the health of those at risk of exclusion is worsening.
In primary education (up to the age of 12) all children go to school, including Roma. In secondary education (up to the age of 16) the problem is truancy. The policies aim to reduce truancy and school failure, which affects Roma girls to a larger extent (girls leave school for cultural reasons: to help at home and to ensure they do not become romantically involved with a "Payo" (non-Roma). Mediation work has taken place with Roma women who have continued their studies. In 2003 a comprehensive plan for monitoring truancy rates was adopted, and remains in force. There is an action plan agreed to by schools, municipal councils and the regional government. Preventive measures are put in place, involving the families. Each school has its own plan. Truancy has fallen. Educational support plans: programmes providing extra tuition and assistance. There is an association of Roma teachers and teachers with Roma pupils. Roma NGOs help by mediating with schools, taking children to school, enrolling children in schools and raising awareness in families.
The ACCEDER programme is run in conjunction with the Red Cross and the FSG. It is co-financed by the EU and the Regional Government of Andalusia. Beneficiaries: 2 300 people, most of them Roma. The results are very positive: 71% of those hired are Roma and 29% are non-Roma. The FSG acts from the outset as an intermediary with the companies they work with. More general employment policies implemented by the regional government: support for the creation of social economy enterprises and for bringing businesses into the formal economy. Lastly, a study is made of cases where people abuse the benefits system. The monitoring system must be improved. In Andalusia many "new poor" have emerged as a result of the crisis, although they are not victims of social exclusion.
The EESC delegation met the President of Unión Romaní, Juan de Dios Ramirez Heredia and its Secretary General, Manuel García Rondón. They stated that the Unión Romaní is the only Roma-governed organisation all of whose members are Roma. It operates throughout Spain and runs a number of programmes in four areas: health, education, employment and housing. The speakers stressed the importance of education. Spain is a model in terms of the measures it has taken; the policies of the past 30 years are very positive but many problems remain, because one-third of the Roma population is still at risk of poverty and social exclusion. The economic crisis is having a substantial negative impact on the Roma and many "middle-class" Roma are growing poorer. The Unión Romaní recommends strengthening policies geared towards Roma in Spain, taking greater account of the opinions of their representative organisations. Businesses must open up to minorities and to the Roma. The Torreblanca project is an education programme based at a school, but there are other programmes providing vocational training, even for Roma inmates in prisons. In Torreblanca, 80% of the children at the centre are Roma. Presentation of the programmes:
The Open Classroom programme: aimed at building and developing pupils' skills. The methodology is to use play and creative and artistic activities to develop a climate of trust and a sociable atmosphere in the classroom. It promotes Roma values and culture within the education system and is geared towards primary school children aged 6-12. Most are Spanish Roma. Unión Romaní has been running the project at this school since 2010. The programme involves primary-school children, parents and teachers. Activities: teaching healthy habits, reading workshops, learning support, the environment and recycling, coeducation and culture and workshops on Roma culture, music, games and sports activities. With the families: they take part in a number of activities, such as carnivals, theatre performances and games. Teachers are supported in their work on different aspects of multiculturalism. Other activities: involving Roma families more closely. Mediation between families and schools. Getting on together and trust. Raising families' awareness of the importance of education. Informal chats. Information point and social and employment guidance. Regular meetings with the school. Workshops and training sessions for parents. Literacy classes for family members. Meeting places for women, theatre groups. Workshops on "Getting to know Seville". Making Christmas presents. Theatre trips. The aim is to attract children to school with incentives: if children attend regularly, they are given the opportunity to take part in flamenco classes and performances. Children who demonstrate talent receive training at a flamenco arts centre. A summer school for children, where they are given three meals a day. A project to improve dental hygiene and eating habits. Information sessions and healthy breakfasts. Check-ups showed that the average pupil had between four and five decayed teeth.
Fakali is the Federation of Associations of Roma Women. Its chairwoman is Beatriz Carrillo, who briefed the EESC delegation on her work and her views on the situation of Roma women in Spain and in Andalusia and on public policy in this field. The association was set up more than ten years ago and runs a number of projects in the fields of education, employment, women's issues, social support, health and anti-discrimination. Its members include many young university-educated Roma women. They believe it is extremely important to ensure that negative stereotypes do not damage the Roma community, which should be proud of its identity. Fakali complained to the Public Ombudsman and took legal action against the TV4 programme "Gypsy's word". Its future goals include promoting the political representation of Roma and positive action policies (quotas) in some areas of public life. Some conclusions Spain's Roma community (approximately 750 000 persons) has in the past faced discrimination and social exclusion. But in the last 35 years there has been a marked change, with their situation improving due to the welfare state being expanded and made universal: free and compulsory education up to the age of 16, a universal and high-quality healthcare system, housing policies and an extensive network of social services. Spain's incorporation of the EU framework into its strategy and policies has been positive, although the fact that policies are highly decentralised between national, regional and local authorities has led to problems in terms of a lack of coordination and coherence. The results achieved on the framework's aims suggest that the situation of the Roma is improving in access to education, healthcare, housing, poverty reduction and social exclusion. The authorities should, in cooperation with Roma organisations, develop quantitative and qualitative indicators to evaluate the results more precisely. The economic crisis and the austerity policies being implemented are causing a substantial deterioration in all areas. Both Roma and other Spaniards are experiencing a poorer quality of life and lower levels of well-being and social cohesion. The EESC wishes to highlight some of the challenges: Education: We saw that educational levels are positive at the infants-school level (up to six years old) and in compulsory primary education (up to twelve years) although a degree of segregation of Roma pupils is occurring in a number of places and too many such pupils are concentrated in the centres. Centres must be given the resources they need to improve school results and teachers must be trained in multiculturalism. We were surprised to note that textbooks make no reference to the history of the Roma in Spain. Roma NGOs carry out a number of extremely positive programmes in the educational centres. The main problem in compulsory secondary education (12-16 years) is that of Roma children, both boys and girls, leaving school early. This is a very acute problem where girls are concerned. Despite publicly-funded policies and the work of NGOs, the results are disappointing. The number of Roma studying for a baccalaureate (aged 16-18) or in vocational training is low. New programmes should be set up to improve this situation. Matters are even worse in higher and university education. Health Although there is universal access to healthcare, the health indicators for the Roma population are worse than average: lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher occurrence of disease and a culture that focusses less on health in general. The authorities are working together with NGOs to improve health, and have put in place a number of programmes. Work on mediation and training through Roma organisations is extremely important. Prevention and primary healthcare, as well as the health education of the Roma population, must be improved. Professionals working at health centres should receive better training in multiculturalism. Employment In the current economic crisis, Spain is suffering high unemployment rates. Among the Roma, unemployment is rife. Their jobs are also of lower quality and less stable. The percentage of people working in the informal economy is also higher. Active policies are being put in place by the authorities, some in conjunction with civil society, and these are broadly to be welcomed. The challenge is enormous, however. Roma must be more successfully included in standard education, vocational training and university studies and policies and programmes aimed at combining education and work should be strengthened. Vocational training for young people should be supported by the public employment services, in conjunction with NGOs. The Roma's entrepreneurial spirit should be harnessed to turn informal economic activities into businesses. New programmes designed with this aim in mind should be developed jointly between the authorities and Roma organisations. Businesses should make efforts to bring Roma onto the labour market and overcome negative stereotypes. New agreements between the social partners should be drawn up. Housing Most Roma in Spain are settled and live in medium-quality housing, but one-third of the population finds it extremely hard to access decent housing. Although slum housing is being eradicated, many Roma families live in overcrowded and sub-standard housing, in very run-down neighbourhoods. Taking account of the impact that the economic crisis is having on many Roma families and the rise in evictions, public housing policies must be strengthened and at the same time be more closely linked to other social policies. Poverty and social exclusion One-third of the Roma population in Spain lives in poverty and social exclusion. Government (national, regional and local) employs different policies and institutions to fight poverty and exclusion for the population as a whole and also some geared specifically to the Roma. It is the regional and local authorities that are primarily responsible for social policies, many of which are carried out in conjunction with NGOs. It must be ensured that Spain's budgetary problems do not lead to fewer resources being available to combat poverty and exclusion. The minimum wage should prevent all families (including Roma families) from falling into extreme poverty. Specific aid aimed at providing meals in schools and in soup kitchens should be increased in the current situation. New policies should be put in place to prevent energy poverty. Essential social services are the most direct instrument held by the authorities for understanding the problems of the poorest families and for preventing their exclusion. Municipalities and regional governments should boost these services with new programmes that also involve NGOs. Combating discrimination Throughout Europe, racism and xenophobia against the Roma are on the rise. While the situation in Spain is less alarming, such behaviour is also increasing. The authorities, including the judicial authorities, must take more decisive action to prevent racism and xenophobia against the Roma community. The dissemination of negative stereotypes of Roma that create a breeding-ground for discrimination must not be allowed in education or in the media. Legislation, codes of conduct and recommendations must be more specific. Spain has transposed Directive 2000/43 into national legislation, but there are still problems, as highlighted by Roma organisations and the Ombudsman: there is no independent authority in this field. The government has proposed new legislation on equal treatment (now pending adoption) and this should be enacted immediately. The Council for the Promotion of Equal Treatment, which was set up in 2009, is a tool to be welcomed, but although it works with experts and representatives of civil society, it is a government-sponsored body and cannot carry out its duties entirely independently. The new legislation should provide for an independent authority, as required by Directive 2000/43. Institutional recognition of the Roma community Roma in Spain have the same rights of citizenship as the rest of the population, but are still not recognised as a specific cultural group or community. Greater recognition should be given to the identity and values of the Roma people in Spanish society. Over the last 35 years, successive governments have promoted a number of changes that have helped improve the situation and social recognition of the Roma, but their organisations consider that progress is still needed. Two extremely important political decisions have been taken in recent years: the creation of the State Council of the Roma People (CEPG) and that of the Institute of Roma Culture. The CEPG is an inter-ministerial State institution that is consultative in nature and involves the Roma community in its governance. Roma organisations view the Council very favourably. The CEPG should be given a greater role in future, at a higher level of government, and should fall under the control of the deputy prime minister's office, involving ministers at the level of Secretary of State and/or director-general. To enable it to work more smoothly, the CEPG should have a secretariat that will provide technical and administrative services on a permanent basis. This will enable organisations to carry out their work more effectively. Since in Spain many powers are decentralised, similar advisory councils should be set up in the Autonomous Communities (Regions), involving Roma community organisations. The policy on recognition of Roma culture is extremely important and should be expanded in the future. The Institute of Roma Culture should be given greater resources with which to carry out its activities. Greater recognition should be given to the cultural rights of the Roma people. The Spanish national parliament could set up a commission to look at Roma cultural matters from the political and legislative points of view. Although Roma in Spain speak Spanish and the other regional languages, the Romani language should be supported, as it is a common heritage of the Roma culture in Europe. _____________
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