LES PÔLES
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POLES
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ПОЛЮСИ
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Et si j’enlevais ... tout ?
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And if I cut it all out ?
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А ако отрежа всичко?
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Comment tout ?!?
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Wodjer mean, all ?
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Как всичко?
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Oui, si j’enlevais pratiquement TOUT le plan
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Well – suppose I cut out ALMOST all of the plane ?
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Ако на практика отрежа ЦЯЛАТА плоскост?
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19
Bon, voilà mon cône
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Now you see the point of my remark.
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Ето го моя конус.
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Vous appelez cela un cône ?
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Are you tryin’ ter needle me ?
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Вие това конус ли го наричате?
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Misère ...
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Oh 'eck ...
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Неприятно...
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En fait, les MAILLAGES obtenus par Anselme auraient pu être construits en étirant le
matériau
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Another way to produce the tilings that Archie got is to stretch some fabric.
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Всъщност МРЕЖАТА, получена от Анселм, може да бъде направена чрез разтегляне на материала.
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En enlevant pratiquement tout le plan et en appliquant ce procédé, on obtiendrait ceci :
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Removing almost all of the plane and applying this procedure in reverse, you get this :
a pattern like meridians and parallels ...
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Отрязвайки на практика цялата плоскост и прилагайки този метод, ще получим следното:
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Et on obtient alors un PÔLE
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... at a POLE.
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получаваме ПОЛЮС.
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Le pôle, c’est ce qui reste quand on a tout enlevé. Ce point représente une courbure
concentrée égale à 360°
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A pole is what’s left when you take everything else away. Just a concentrated curvature
of 360°. Of course, the earth’s poles aren’t like that, because you don’t have to stretch the surface to see the pattern.
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Полюсът е това, което остава, когато отрежем всичко. Тази точка представлява концентрична кривина, равна на 360°.
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20
Tout à l’heure, j’avais pavé des espaces à deux dimensions (surfaces) avec des quadrangles.
Mais j’aurais aussi bien pu le faire avec des triangles
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A while ago I tiled my two-dimensional spaces (surfaces) with squares. But I could have done it equally well with triangles ...
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Току-що облицовах моите двуизмерни пространства (повърхности) с четириъгълници. Но спокойно мога да го направя и с триъгълници.
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Ou avec des hexagones
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... Or hexagons.
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Или с шестоъгълници.
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Ces maillages en triangles équilatéraux permettent d’engendrer les cônes d’angle 60°,
120°, 180°, 240° et 300°
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Triangular tilings let us make cones with angles of 60°, 120°, 180°, 240° and 300°. _____________________________________________________________________
Тези мрежи от равностранни триъгълници позволяват да се създадат конуси с ъгли 60°, 120°, 180°, 240° и 300°.
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21
En insérant un secteur d’angle θ, je crée une courbure négative -θ, concentrée au sommet
de ce négacône
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On the other hand, by inserting a sector with angle θ, I can create a point of negative curvature, concentrated at the tip of this negacone.
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Включвайки сектор с ъгъл θ, създавам отрицателна кривина –θ, разположена във върха на този отрицателен конус.
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Quantité de courbure concentrée = -180°, etc ...
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Concentrated curvature of -180°, etc ...
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Количеството концентрирана кривина = -180°, и т. н.
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On peut aussi faire de jolis négacônes avec des maillages triangulaires.
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You can make some pretty negacones using triangular tilings, too.
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Могат да се създават прекрасни отрицателни конуси от триъгълни мрежи.
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22
MESURE DE LA COURBURE
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MEASURING CURVATURE
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РАЗМЕР НА КРИВИНАТА
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Voici Anselme très occupé à jouer une marelle d’un nouveau genre
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Archie seems to be playing a cross between dominos and hopscotch.
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Анселм е много зает с някакъв странен вид игра на дама.
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Le jeu consiste à entourer un point de concentration de courbure avec des carreaux en respectant la continuité du flêchage. Quand on a fait un tour autour du point P, l’angle dont la flêche a tourné donne une mesure directe de la courbure θ
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The object of the game is to completely surround a point of concentrated curvature with squares, keeping the direction of the arrow the same from one to the next. When you go
all the way round P, the angle through which the arrow has turned gives a direct measure of the curvature θ.
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Играта се състои в това да се обгради центърът на кривината с квадрати, като се спазва посоката на последователните стрелки. Когато кръгът около точка Р е направен, ъгълът, по който стрелката се е завъртяла указва размера на кривината.
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Il faut que mes carreaux soient bien jointifs
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Hmmm ... Pennsylvania Avenue ?
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Важно е квадратите да са добре свързани един с друг.
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PLAN
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PLANE
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РАВНИНА
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CYLINDRE
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CYLINDER
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ЦИЛИНДЪР
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CÔNE
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CONE
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КОНУС
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Quelques exemples :
Plan, cylindre, cône (sans entourer le sommet) : quantité de courbure : zéro
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Some examples :
Plane, cylinder, cone (not surrounding the tip) – curvature zero.
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Няколко примера:
Равнина, цилиндър и конус (без да обграждаме върха) – кривината е нулева.
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POSICÔNE + 90°
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POSICONE + 90°
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ПОЛОЖИТЕЛЕН КОНУС + 90°
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NEGACÔNE - 180°
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NEGACONE - 180°
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ОТРИЦАТЕЛЕН КОНУС - 180°
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Tournons autour du point dans un sens quelconque. Si la flêche tourne dans le même
sens, il s’agira d’un posicône. Si elle tourne en sens inverse, il s’agira d’un négacône.
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Go once round the point in any direction. If the arrow turns the same way, you’ve got a
posicone the other way, and you’ve got a negative one.
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Да се завъртим около точката в която и да е посока. Ако стрелката се върти в същата посока, имаме положителен конус. Ако се върти в обратна посока, имаме отрицателен конус.
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23
Je vais fabriquer des posicônes ayant chacun un très petit angle θ
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I’ll make some nearly flat posicones, each with a very small angle θ.
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Сега ще си направя положителни конуси, всички с много малък ъгъл θ.
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Des atomes de courbure en quelque sorte ...
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Atoms of curvature, so to speak.
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Така да се каже, атоми на кривината.
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Et puis je vais les coller ensemble
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Then I’ll glue them together.
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После ще ги залепя заедно.
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COLLE
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GLUE
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ЛЕПИЛО
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J’obtiens une surface sur laquelle je vais tracer des triangles faits de géodésiques,
obtenues à l’aide de ruban adhésif.
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I get a surface on which I can draw triangles made from sticky-tape geodesics.
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Получавам повърхност, върху която ще начертая триъгълници, състоящи се от геодезически линии, получени с помощта на тиксо.
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La somme des angles du triangle dépasse 180° d’une valeur qui est égale à la somme
des angles des cônes élémentaires dont les sommets sont contenus dans ce triangle.
La Direction
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The angle-sum of a triangle exceeds 180° by an amount equal to the sum of the angles
of the elementary cones whose peaks are contained in the triangles.
The Boss
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Сумата от ъглите на триъгълника е по-голяма от 180° от стойността, която е равна на сумата от ъглите на обикновените конуси, чиито върхове влизат в този триъгълник.
Ръководството
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Ce que nous appelons habituellement une surface courbe peut être considéré comme
un assemblage d’un très grand nombre de microcônes collés ensemble
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A curved surface, in the usual sense of the phrase, can be thought of as a very large
number of tiny microcones, glued together.
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Това, което обикновено наричаме крива повърхност, може да бъде считано за съвкупност от множество микроконуси, слепени един с друг.
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On peut aussi assembler des NÉGACÔNES, ou des POSICÔNES et des NÉGACÔNES.
Dans ce cas, la somme des angles du triangle vaudra 180°, plus la quantité de courbure
qu’il contient, comptée algébriquement.
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You can also join together negacones ; or a mixture of posicones and negacones.
In that case, the angle-sum of a triangle will be 180°, plus the total amount of curvature inside it, counted algebraically (plus for posicones and minus for negacones).
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Така можем да създадем съвкупности и от ОТРИЦАТЕЛНИ КОНУСИ или от ПОЛОЖИТЕЛНИ и ОТРИЦАТЕЛНИ конуси. В такъв случай сумата от ъглите на триъгълника ще бъде равна на 180°, повече от размера на кривината, която съдържа, изчислена математически.
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24
PATCHWORK
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PATCHWORK
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ПАЧУЪРК
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Sophie, qu’est-ce qui se passe si j’assemble des NÉGACÔNES ?
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Sophie ; what will I get if I assemble a lot of negacones ?
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Софи, какво става, когато направя съвкупност от ОТРИЦАТЕЛНИ КОНУСИ?
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Par exemple des négacônes θ = -180°. Leur contour correspond à un hexagone qui aurait
ses six angles droits
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For example, negacones with θ = -180°. Their boundary is a hexagon with six right angles.
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Например отрицателни конуси θ = -180°. По форма те приличат на шестоъгълник, който има шест прави ъгли.
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On peut d’abord les assembler quatre par quatre
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So you can join them up, four at a time.
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Първо можем да ги съединим четири по четири.
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Si tu en assembles vingt, tu obtiens cet élément de surface à courbure négative, chacun se plaçant sur un des vingt sommets d’un DODÉCAÈDRE (*)
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By putting twenty of them together, you get this piece of a surface of negative curvature, arranged like the twenty corners of a DODECAHEDRON. (*)
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Ако съединиш двадесет, получаваш такава част от повърхността с отрицателна кривина, като всеки шестоъгълник се намира на един от двадесетте върха на ДОДЕКАЕДЪР. (*)
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(*) Du Grec DODEKA = Douze + EDRA = BASE
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(*) From the Greek : DODEKA = Twelve 'EDRON = SID
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(*) От гръцки - DODEKA = 12 + EDRA = СТРАНА
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25
Le même objet où l’on a réparti plus uniformément la courbure négative.
Il est constitué de soixante hexaorthogones.
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Here’s the same object, with the negative curvature spread out more evenly. It’s made
up from sixty hexaorthogons.
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Това е същият обект, където отрицателната кривина е разместена равномерно. Той е съставен от 16 правоъгълни шестоъгълника.
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Un soixantoèdre, en quelque sorte ...
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A SIXTYHEDRON, yer might say ...
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Един вид шестнадесетоедър.
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On dirait une vertèbre de DODÉCAÈDRODON
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Looks more like a vertebra of an extinct DODECAHEDRODON to me.
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Може да се каже „скелет на ДОДЕКАЕДРОДОН”.
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Si vous étiez carreleur, et si vous utilisiez des carreaux hexaorthogonaux, voilà à quoi
ressemblerait votre sol.
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If your job was to lay tiles, and your tiles were hexaorthogons, that’s the shape of floor you’d get.
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Ако поставяхте плочки и те са правоъгълни шестоъгълници, така щеше да изглежда подът.
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Mon cher, je me suis laissé dire qu’en modifiant les gènes d’un escargot, on pourrait
faire en sorte que sa coquille ...
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You know, me old duck, h’it’s just struck me that by performin’ a bit of genetic h’engyneerin’ on a snail, yer could h’arrange for it’s shell to be ...
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Скъпи, осмелявам се да кажа, че променяйки гените на охлюва, ще се получи нещо като неговата черупка.
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Cet exemple montre comment la distribution de la courbure peut conditionner la forme
des objets.
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Here’s a good example of the way the distribution of curvature determines the shape of
an object.
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Този пример показва как разпределението на кривината може да повлияе върху формата на обекта.
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Quelle horreur !!!
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Ugh ! How Nasty !
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Ужас!
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26
TROIS DIMENSIONS
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THREE DIMENSIONS
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ТРИ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ
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Sopie, est-ce qu’on peut VOIR la courbure de notre espace à TROIS dimensions ?
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Sophie, is there any way to see curvature in our usual space of three dimensions ?
_____________________________________________________________________
Софи, може ли да се ВИДИ кривината от нашето ТРИИЗМЕРНО пространство?
_____________________________________________________________________
C’est difficile, puisque tu habites dedans
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It's difficult, because you're living in it.
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Трудно е, защото ти живееш в него.
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Voyons, j’ai vu qu’on pouvait projeter des géodésiques d’une surface (à deux
dimensions) sur un plan (2 dimensions)
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One way to picture the curvature of a surface is to project its geodesics on to a plane.
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Я да погледна. Видях, че геодезическите линии на една повърхност (с две измерения) могат да се проектират върху плоскост (с две измерения).
_____________________________________________________________________
Cette "bosse" correspond à une concentration de courbure positive, entourée d’un halo
de courbure négative.
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This 'bump' corresponds to a concentration of positive curvature, surrounded by a halo
of negative curvature. It's as plain as the - er – beak on your face, Lenny.
_____________________________________________________________________
Тази „гърбица” съответства на концентрацията на положителната кривина, заобиколена от ореол от отрицателна кривина.
_____________________________________________________________________ Regarde maintenant un cube habillé avec de la ficelle
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Now, take a look at this cube, all tied up with string.
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А сега виж този куб, обвит с връвчици.
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27
maintenant, je fais glisser les ficelles, comme ceci :
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I'll slide the string sideways, like this.
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Сега ще „разопаковам” куба, ето така:
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En assemblant ainsi huit de ces cubes, on obtient la projection à trois dimensions,
dans un espace euclidien (sans courbure), des géodésiques d’une région d’un espace tridimensionnel où une courbure positive est entourée d’un halo de courbure négative.
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By fitting together eight of these cubes, we get the projection into three-dimensional euclidean space (having zero curvature) of the geodesics in a piece of a three-dimensional space, in wich a region of positive curvature is surrounded by a halo of negative curvature.
A three-dimensional bump !
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Съединявайки по този начин осем подобни куба, се получава триизмерна проекция в евклидово пространство (без кривина) на геодезическите линии на една част от триизмерното пространство, където положителната кривина е заобиколена от ореол с отрицателна кривина.
_____________________________________________________________________
En assimilant ces géodésiques à des TRAJECTOIRES, on trouverait d’abord une
répulsion, puis une attraction, puis une répulsion
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If you think of these goedesics as the TRAJECTORIES of a moving particle, it appears to undergo first a repulsion, then an attraction, and then a repulsion again.
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Приравнявайки тези геодезически линии с ТРАЕКТОРИИ, в началото ще констатираме отблъскване, след това привличане, после отново отблъскване.
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28
En faisant glisser les fils de cette façon et en assemblant convenablement les cubes,
on fabriquerait l’image d’un monde peuplé de courbures positives et négatives :
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By sliding the strings like this, and joining up a large number of cubes, you can produce
an image of a world populated by regions of both positive and negative curvature :
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Като плъзгаме връвчиците по този начин и като съединяваме кубовете, ще създадем образ на света, изпълнен с положителни и отрицателни кривини.
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Quand on y regarde de près, il s’agit de déformations affectant des CUBES emplissant l’espace tridimensionnel
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Ifyou look at it closely you'll see it can also be built up by deforming the usual CUBES
of Euclidean three-dimensional space.
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Когато погледнем облизо, ще установим деформации, засягащи КУБОВЕТЕ, които изпълват триизмерното пространство.
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Tiens, c’est curieux, je pourrais empiler tous ces cubes bizarres et remplir l’espace.
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It's very curious that you can pile up all these weird cubes and still fill up the space.
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Я виж, много интересно – мога да струпам всички тези странни кубове и да запълня пространството.
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29
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