Example: New York is more exciting than Seattle. Use the superlative form when speaking about three or more objects to show which object is 'the most' of something. Example

We all know that a massive truck is more difficult to stop than a small car moving at the same speed. We say the truck has more momentum than the car. By momentum we mean “ inertia in motion”, or more specifically, the mass of an object multiplied by its velocity. That is:

When direction is not an important factor, we can say:

Momentum = mass × speed

which we still abbreviate mv.

A truck has a larger momentum than a car moving at the same speed because its mass is heavier.

A truck rolling down a hill has more momentum than a roller skater moving at the same speed, because the truck is more massive than the roller skater. But if the truck is at rest and the roller skater moves, then the skater has a larger momentum than the truck because only the skater has speed. If the truck, the car and the roller skater move at the same speed, the truck has the largest momentum and the skater has the smallest momentum.

a. A massive truck is harder to stop than a small car moving at the same speed.

b. A truck has a heavier mass than a roller skater.

c. A car is as big as a truck.

d. A roller skater has a larger momentum than a car moving at the same speed.

e. Moving at the same speed the truck has the largest momentum in comparison with the car and the skater, because it is the most massive thing.

4.1/ large _ larger heavy _ heavier

difficult _ more difficult massive _ more massive

4.2/ large _ largest

small _ smallest

massive _ most massive

4.3/ as big as

the same ( speed )

4.4/ Grammar questions

– When do you use _ er / _ est?

_ ier / _ iest?

more / most?

– When do you use: as + adj + as

the same + noun

1. Write the comparative and superlative of

boring cheap funny handsome

hard honest interesting nervous

sad lazy stupid uncomfortable

useful violent wet

good / well _ better _ best ; bad _ worse _ worst

far _ farther / further _ farthest / furthest

many / much _ more _ most ; little _ less _ least

(Refers to distance)

(Meaning "additional study," refers to amount)]

– Buy a better pen.

a. Three hundred students entered an English Oratory Contest. Max won. Why?

b. Why does it take longer for me to walk to the post office than to the park?

c. The Blacks have got a big house. The Browns have got a small flat ? Why?

( Answer in two ways )

d. I had a cold. I went to work, but left early and went home to bed. Why?

3. Writing

Look at the information about Jack and Mark. Write sentences comparing them:

Example: Jack went to the same school as Mark.

4. Speaking

Tell about you and your family using three comparatives, three superlatives and

three with as……as.

Examples:

I’m taller than my brother, but thinner than him.

My father is the tallest.

My brother is not as hard working as me.
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT

• Reading

1. Pre _ reading task

Try to fill in the blanks with only one noun ( singular or plural )

– Two …………………of hydrogen combine with one …………………of oxygen to form a molecule of water.

– Everything you see, hear, touch, feel, or smell is made of ……………..….

Check the new words in your dictionary:

An atom consists of a central, almost unimaginably compact and dense nucleus that is surrounded by one or more light – weight electrons. An atom is usually considered to be spherical; so is the nucleus.

Most people know we are all made of the same kinds of atoms. But what most people don’t know is that we are made of the same atoms – atoms that cycle from person to person as we breathe, sweat, and vaporize.

Fig.3 There are as many atoms in a normal breath of air as there are breaths of air in the atmosphere of the world.

The radius of a typical atom is on the order of 10^–10 m; the radius of a nucleus is 100,000 times smaller, about 10^-15 m. An atom is held together by electrical attraction between the electrons, which are electrically negative, and protons, which are electrically positive and reside within the nucleus. The nature of that attraction is such, as you might realize, that were it not present, atoms could not exist, and so neither could you.

The simplest nucleus, that of common hydrogen, has a single proton. There are two other, rare, versions of hydrogen: they differ from the common version by the presence of one or two neutrons (electrically neutral particles) inside the nucleus.

Hydrogen, in any of its versions, is an example of an element; each element is distinguished from all the others by the number of protons in the nucleus. When there

is only one proton, the element is hydrogen. When, instead, there are six, the element is carbon. The various version of each element are called isotopes; they are distinguished by the number of neutrons.

Roughly speaking, the purpose of the neutrons is to glue together the protons, which, being all electrically positive and closely packed, strongly repel one another. If the neutrons did not provide the glue, the only type of atom that could exist would be common hydrogen; all others would blow apart.

Such instability can be found in many isotopes of common elements, but thankfully not the elements on which your existence depends. For example, of the 17 isotopes of copper, all but two are unstable and undergo transformations to become other elements. The stable isotopes are the ones used in electronics and other technology.

1. Answer the following questions:

a. What does an atom consist of?

b. Is an atom the same size as a nucleus?

c. How is an atom held together?

d. What does the simplest nucleus have?

e. How do we distinguish an element from all the others?

f. How do we distinguish isotopes of an element?

g. What is the purpose of the neutrons?

h. Are all isotopes of copper stable?

a. The smallest particle of an element consisting of protons and neutrons in a nucleus surrounded by electrons.

b. A class of identical atoms.

c. The various versions of each element.

d. An element consisting of six protons.
3. Discussion:

Is your brain made of atoms that were once part of Albert Einstein.

• Listening:

You are going to listen to the brief biography of Albert Einstein. You will hear

some place names, times in the text. What do they refer to?
[Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree.]
1. Ulm, Germany

2. 14 March , 1879

3. 1896

4. Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich.

6. Swiss Patent Office.

7. 1905.


Fig.4 Albert Einstein
LANGUAGE REVIEW

# Comparatives and Superlatives

Adjectives have a comparative and superlative form. Adjectives also combine

with as …as to express equality; and not as / so … as to express inequality.

1. A long pendulum has a greater rotational inertia than a short pendulum.

2. The centre of Gravity is lightly lower in women than in men because women tend

to be proportionally larger in the pelvis and smaller in the shoulder.

Такава нестабилност може да се намери в много изотопи на известни елементи, но за щастие това не са елементите, от които зависи съществуването ни. Например, от 17 изотопи на медта, всички освен два са нестабилни и претърпяват трансформации, за да се превърнат в други елементи. Стабилните изотопи са тези, които се използват в областта на електрониката, както и други технологии.