А дали не е B12? — Епидемия от погрешни диагнози



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Sally-M-Pacholok-Jeffrey-J-Stuart - A dali ne e B12 - Epidemija ot pogreshni diagnozi - 10872-b
ГЛАВА 11 — БЕЛЕЖКИ
1. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/B12/intro.html


302 2. Dharmarajan, T.S., Norkus, E.P. Approaches to vitamin B
12
deficiency: Early treatment may prevent devastating complications.
Postgraduate Medicine 2001, 110(1):99-105.
3. Ibid.
4. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/B12/intro.html
5. MedicineNet.com
6. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/B12/intro.html
7. Antony, A.C. Vegetarianism and vitamin B
12
(cobalamin)
deficiency. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition vol. 78. №1, 3–6, July
2003.
8. Green, R. Unreliability of current assays to detect cobalamin deficiency: „nothing gold can stay“ Blood 2005, 105:910-911.
9. Solomon, L.R. Cobalamin-responsive disorders in the ambulatory care setting: unreliability of cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine testing. Blood 2005, 105:978-985.
10. Solomon, L.R. Disorders of cobalamin (Vitamin B
12
) metabolism:
emerging concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Blood
2007, 21:113-130.
11. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/B12/summary.html
12. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/B12/summary.html
13. Antony, A.C. Megaloblastic anemias. Във: R. Hoffman et al. (3rd ed.), Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice (pp. 457–467) 2000,
Philadelphia: Churchill, Livingstone; и Savage, D.G., Lindenbaum, J.,
Stabler, S.P., Allen, R.H. Sensitivity of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine determinations for diagnosing cobalamin and folate deficiencies. American Journal of Medicine 1994, 96:239-246; и Norman,
E.J., Morrison, J.A. Screening elderly populations for cobalamin (vitamin
B
12
) deficiency using the urinary methylmalonic acid assay by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. American Journal of Medicine 1993,
94:589-594; и Stabler, S.P., Lindenbaum, J., Allen, R.H. The use of homocysteine and other metabolites in the specific diagnosis of vitamin B
12
deficiency. Journal of Nutrition 1996, 126:1266S-1272S.
14. Dharmarajan, T.S., Norkus, E.P. Approaches to vitamin B
12
deficiency: Early treatment may prevent devastating complications.
Postgraduate Medicine 2001, 110(1):99-105; и Snow, C.F. laboratory


303
diagnosis of vitamin B
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and folate deficiency. Archives of Internal
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15. Shahar, A., Feiglin, L., Shahar, D.R., Levy, S., Seligsohn, U. High prevalence and impact of subnormal serum vitamin B
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levels in Israeli ciders admitted to a geriatric hospital. Journal of Nutrition, Health and
Aging 2001, 5(2):124-7.
16. Crane, M.G., Register, U.D., Lukens, R.H., Gregory, R.
Cobalamin (CBL) studies on two total vegetarian (vegan) families.
Vegetarian Nutrition: An International Journal 1998, 2(3):87-92.
17. Bissoli, L., Di Francesco, V., Ballarin, A., Mandragona, R.,
Trespidi, R., Brocco, G., Caruso, B., Bosello, O., Zamboni. Effect of vegetarian diet on homocysteine levels. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
2002, 46(2):73-9.
18. „B
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deficient may be more widespread than thought“. USDA
Agricultural Research Service Aug. 2, 2000.
19. Dharmarajan, T.S., Adiga, G.U., Norkus, E.P. Vitamin B
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deficiency. Recognizing subtle symptoms in older adults. Geriatrics 2003,
58:30-8.
20. Lee, G.R. Pernicious anemia and other causes of vitamin B
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(cobalamin) deficiency. Във: G.R. Lee (10th ed.), Wintrobe’s Clinical
Hematology (pp. 941–958). 1999, Baltimore: Williams&Wilkins.
21. Kalikiri, P.C., Sachan, R.S. G.S. Nitrous oxide induced elevation of plasma homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels and their implication. The International Journal of Anesthesiology 2004, 8(2).
22. Ostreicher, D.S. Vitamin B
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supplements as protection against nitrous oxide inhalation. New York State Dental Journal 1994, 60(3):47-9 и
Quamstrom, F. Nitros oxide analgesia. What is a safe level of exposure for the dental staff? Dentistry Today 2002, 21(4):104-9.
23. Kowing, D., Kesler, E. Patient’s B
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deficiency causes chiasmal lesion. Review of Optometry Feb. 15, 2007.
24. Wilhelm, H., et al. Uncommon chiasmal lesions: demyelinating disease, vasculitis, and cobalamin deficiency. German J Ophtalmol 1993,
2:234-240.
25. Green, R. Unreliability of current assays to detect cobalamin deficiency: „nothing gold can stay“. Blood 2005, 105:910-911.
26. Ibid.


304 27. Ibid.
28. Solomon, L.R. Cobalamin-responsive disorders in the ambulatory care setting: unreliability of cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine testing. Blood 2005, 105:978-985.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Van Tiggelen, C.J.M., et al. Assessment of vitamin B
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status in
CSF. American Journal of Psychiatry 1984, 141, 1:136-7.
33. Miller, J.W. Measurement of total vitamin B
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and holotranscobalamin. singly and in combination, in screening for metabolic vitamin B
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deficiency. Clinical Chemistry 2006, 52:2, 278–285.
34. Dommisse, J. Subtle vitamin-B
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deficiency and psychiatry: a largely unnoticed but devastating relationship? Medical Hypotheses 1991,
34:131-140.
35. Lindenbaum, J., et al. Neuropsyhciatric disorders caused by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anemia or macrocytosis. New
England Journal of Medicine 1988, 318:1720-8.
36. Norman, E.J., Morrison, J.A. Screening elderly populations for cobalamin (vitamin B
12
) deficiency using the urinary methylmalonic acid assay by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. American Journal of
Medicine 1993, 94:589-594.
37. Lee, G.R. Pernicious anemia and other causes of vitamin B
12
(cobalamin) deficiency. Във: G.R. Lee (10th ed.), Wintrobe’s Clinical
Hematology (pp. 941–958) 1999, Baltimore: Williams&Wilkins.
38. Ibid.
39. Forsyth, J.C., et al. Hvdroxocobalamin as a cyanide antidote:
Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in heavily smoking normal volunteers. Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Toxicology 1993, 31(2):277-
94.
40. Pezacka, E., Green, R., Jacobsen, D.W. Glutathionylcobalamin as an intermediate in the formation of cobalamin cocnzymes. Biochem
Biophys Res Comm 1990, 2:443-50.
41. Roach, E.S., McLean, W.T. Neurologic disroders of vitamin B
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deficiency. American Family Physician 1982, 25(1):111-5.


305 42. Herz, H., Kristensen, H.P.O., Hoff-Jorgensen, E. (1964), Studies on Vitamin B
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Retention Comparison of Retention Following
Intramuscular Injection of Cyanocobalamin and Hvdroxocobalamin.
Scandinavian Journal of Haematology 1:5-15.doi:10.1111/j.1600-
0609.1964.tb00001.x.
43. Kira, Jun-ichi, Tobimatsu, Shozo., Goto, Ikuo. Vitamin B
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metabolism and massive-dose methyl vitamin B
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therapy in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis. Internal Medicine 1994, 33:82-86.
44. Kuzminski, A.M., et al. Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin. Blood 1998 92(4):1191-8.
45. Andres, E. Comment: Treatment of vitamin B
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deficiency anemia: Oral versus parenteral therapy. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2002,
36:1268-72.
46. Lane, LA, Rojas-Fernandez, C. Treatment of vitamin B
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- deficiency anemia: oral versus parenteral therapy. Annals of
Pharmacotherapy 2002, 36:1268-71.
47. Brantigan, C.O. Folate supplementation and the risk of masking vitamin B
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deficiency. Journal of the American Medical Association 1997,
277(1l):884-5.
48. Spence, D. Uses of error: Knowledge gaps. The Lancet 2001,
358(9297):1934.
49. Antony, A.C. Vegetarianism and vitamin B
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(cobalamin)
deficiency. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition vol. 78, №1, 3–6, July
2003.
50. Dali-Youcef, N., Andres, E. An update on cobalamin deficiency in adults. QJM 2009, 102 (1):17-28.
51. Ibid.
52. Kuwubara, S., et al. Intravenous methylcobalamin treatment for uremic and diabetic neuropathy in chronic hemodialysis patients. Internal
Medicine 1999, 38(6):472-5, и Koyama, K., Usami, T., Takeuchi, O.,
Morozumi, K., Kiura, G. Efficacy of methylcobalamin on lowering total homocysteine plasma concentrations in haemodialysis patients receiving high-dose folic acid supplementation.
Nephrology,
Dialysis,
Transplantation 2002, 17(5):916-922 и Rostand, S.G. Vitamin B
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levels and nerve conduction velocities in patients undergoing maintenance hemodyalisis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1976, 29(7):691-7.


306
[1]
В някои страни също се използва pmol/l вместо pg/ml.

[2]
Според учените, преобразуването на цианокобаламина в активни коензимни форми (метилкобаламин и аденозилкобаламин)
става на приблизително четири стъпки. [40] Метилкобаламинът се намира в кръвната плазма, гръбначномозъчната течност и цитозола.
Аденозилкобаламинът преобладава в клетъчните тъкани, където се задържа от митохондриите. Ако някакъв дефект не позволява преобразуването на цианокобаламина 6 метилкобаламин, наличният
B
12
е неизползваем и остава в кръвната плазма, ликвора и цитозола.



307


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