ГЛАВА 11 — БЕЛЕЖКИ 1. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/B12/intro.html
302 2. Dharmarajan, T.S., Norkus, E.P. Approaches to vitamin B12 deficiency: Early treatment may prevent devastating complications. Postgraduate Medicine 2001, 110(1):99-105. 3. Ibid. 4. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/B12/intro.html 5. MedicineNet.com 6. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/B12/intro.html 7. Antony, A.C. Vegetarianism and vitamin B 12 (cobalamin) deficiency. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition vol. 78. №1, 3–6, July 2003. 8. Green, R. Unreliability of current assays to detect cobalamin deficiency: „nothing gold can stay“ Blood 2005, 105:910-911. 9. Solomon, L.R. Cobalamin-responsive disorders in the ambulatory care setting: unreliability of cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine testing. Blood 2005, 105:978-985. 10. Solomon, L.R. Disorders of cobalamin ( Vitamin B12 ) metabolism: emerging concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Blood2007, 21:113-130. 11. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/B12/summary.html 12. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/B12/summary.html 13. Antony, A.C. Megaloblastic anemias. Във: R. Hoffman et al. (3rd ed.), Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice (pp. 457–467) 2000, Philadelphia: Churchill, Livingstone; и Savage, D.G., Lindenbaum, J., Stabler, S.P., Allen, R.H. Sensitivity of serum methylmalonic acid and total homocysteine determinations for diagnosing cobalamin and folate deficiencies. American Journal of Medicine 1994, 96:239-246; и Norman, E.J., Morrison, J.A. Screening elderly populations for cobalamin (vitamin B 12 ) deficiency using the urinary methylmalonic acid assay by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. American Journal of Medicine 1993, 94:589-594; и Stabler, S.P., Lindenbaum, J., Allen, R.H. The use of homocysteine and other metabolites in the specific diagnosis of vitamin B 12 deficiency. Journal of Nutrition 1996, 126:1266S-1272S. 14. Dharmarajan, T.S., Norkus, E.P. Approaches to vitamin B 12 deficiency: Early treatment may prevent devastating complications. Postgraduate Medicine 2001, 110(1):99-105; и Snow, C.F. laboratory
303 diagnosis of vitamin B 12 and folate deficiency. Archives of InternalMedicine 1999, 159:1289-98. 15. Shahar, A., Feiglin, L., Shahar, D.R., Levy, S., Seligsohn, U. High prevalence and impact of subnormal serum vitamin B 12 levels in Israeli ciders admitted to a geriatric hospital. Journal of Nutrition, Health andAging 2001, 5(2):124-7. 16. Crane, M.G., Register, U.D., Lukens, R.H., Gregory, R. Cobalamin (CBL) studies on two total vegetarian (vegan) families. Vegetarian Nutrition: An International Journal 1998, 2(3):87-92. 17. Bissoli, L., Di Francesco, V., Ballarin, A., Mandragona, R., Trespidi, R., Brocco, G., Caruso, B., Bosello, O., Zamboni. Effect of vegetarian diet on homocysteine levels. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism2002, 46(2):73-9. 18. „B 12 deficient may be more widespread than thought“. USDAAgricultural Research Service Aug. 2, 2000. 19. Dharmarajan, T.S., Adiga, G.U., Norkus, E.P. Vitamin B 12 deficiency. Recognizing subtle symptoms in older adults. Geriatrics 2003, 58:30-8. 20. Lee, G.R. Pernicious anemia and other causes of vitamin B 12 (cobalamin) deficiency. Във: G.R. Lee (10th ed.), Wintrobe’s ClinicalHematology (pp. 941–958). 1999, Baltimore: Williams&Wilkins. 21. Kalikiri, P.C., Sachan, R.S. G.S. Nitrous oxide induced elevation of plasma homocysteine and methylmalonic acid levels and their implication. The International Journal of Anesthesiology 2004, 8(2). 22. Ostreicher, D.S. Vitamin B 12 supplements as protection against nitrous oxide inhalation. New York State Dental Journal 1994, 60(3):47-9 и Quamstrom, F. Nitros oxide analgesia. What is a safe level of exposure for the dental staff? Dentistry Today 2002, 21(4):104-9. 23. Kowing, D., Kesler, E. Patient’s B 12 deficiency causes chiasmal lesion. Review of Optometry Feb. 15, 2007. 24. Wilhelm, H., et al. Uncommon chiasmal lesions: demyelinating disease, vasculitis, and cobalamin deficiency. German J Ophtalmol 1993, 2:234-240. 25. Green, R. Unreliability of current assays to detect cobalamin deficiency: „nothing gold can stay“. Blood 2005, 105:910-911. 26. Ibid.
304 27. Ibid. 28. Solomon, L.R. Cobalamin-responsive disorders in the ambulatory care setting: unreliability of cobalamin, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine testing. Blood 2005, 105:978-985. 29. Ibid. 30. Ibid. 31. Ibid. 32. Van Tiggelen, C.J.M., et al. Assessment of vitamin B 12 status in CSF. American Journal of Psychiatry 1984, 141, 1:136-7. 33. Miller, J.W. Measurement of total vitamin B 12 and holotranscobalamin. singly and in combination, in screening for metabolic vitamin B 12 deficiency. Clinical Chemistry 2006, 52:2, 278–285. 34. Dommisse, J. Subtle vitamin-B 12 deficiency and psychiatry: a largely unnoticed but devastating relationship? Medical Hypotheses 1991, 34:131-140. 35. Lindenbaum, J., et al. Neuropsyhciatric disorders caused by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anemia or macrocytosis. NewEngland Journal of Medicine 1988, 318:1720-8. 36. Norman, E.J., Morrison, J.A. Screening elderly populations for cobalamin (vitamin B 12 ) deficiency using the urinary methylmalonic acid assay by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. American Journal ofMedicine 1993, 94:589-594. 37. Lee, G.R. Pernicious anemia and other causes of vitamin B 12 (cobalamin) deficiency. Във: G.R. Lee (10th ed.), Wintrobe’s ClinicalHematology (pp. 941–958) 1999, Baltimore: Williams&Wilkins. 38. Ibid. 39. Forsyth, J.C., et al. Hvdroxocobalamin as a cyanide antidote: Safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics in heavily smoking normal volunteers. Journal of Toxicology and Clinical Toxicology 1993, 31(2):277- 94. 40. Pezacka, E., Green, R., Jacobsen, D.W. Glutathionylcobalamin as an intermediate in the formation of cobalamin cocnzymes. BiochemBiophys Res Comm 1990, 2:443-50. 41. Roach, E.S., McLean, W.T. Neurologic disroders of vitamin B 12 deficiency. American Family Physician 1982, 25(1):111-5.
305 42. Herz, H., Kristensen, H.P.O., Hoff-Jorgensen, E. (1964), Studies on Vitamin B 12 Retention Comparison of Retention Following Intramuscular Injection of Cyanocobalamin and Hvdroxocobalamin. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology 1:5-15.doi:10.1111/j.1600- 0609.1964.tb00001.x. 43. Kira, Jun-ichi, Tobimatsu, Shozo., Goto, Ikuo. Vitamin B 12 metabolism and massive-dose methyl vitamin B12 therapy in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis. Internal Medicine 1994, 33:82-86. 44. Kuzminski, A.M., et al. Effective treatment of cobalamin deficiency with oral cobalamin. Blood 1998 92(4):1191-8. 45. Andres, E. Comment: Treatment of vitamin B 12 deficiency anemia: Oral versus parenteral therapy. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2002, 36:1268-72. 46. Lane, LA, Rojas-Fernandez, C. Treatment of vitamin B 12 - deficiency anemia: oral versus parenteral therapy. Annals ofPharmacotherapy 2002, 36:1268-71. 47. Brantigan, C.O. Folate supplementation and the risk of masking vitamin B 12 deficiency. Journal of the American Medical Association 1997, 277(1l):884-5. 48. Spence, D. Uses of error: Knowledge gaps. The Lancet 2001, 358(9297):1934. 49. Antony, A.C. Vegetarianism and vitamin B 12 (cobalamin) deficiency. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition vol. 78, №1, 3–6, July 2003. 50. Dali-Youcef, N., Andres, E. An update on cobalamin deficiency in adults. QJM 2009, 102 (1):17-28. 51. Ibid. 52. Kuwubara, S., et al. Intravenous methylcobalamin treatment for uremic and diabetic neuropathy in chronic hemodialysis patients. InternalMedicine 1999, 38(6):472-5, и Koyama, K., Usami, T., Takeuchi, O., Morozumi, K., Kiura, G. Efficacy of methylcobalamin on lowering total homocysteine plasma concentrations in haemodialysis patients receiving high-dose folic acid supplementation. Nephrology, Dialysis,Transplantation 2002, 17(5):916-922 и Rostand, S.G. Vitamin B 12 levels and nerve conduction velocities in patients undergoing maintenance hemodyalisis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1976, 29(7):691-7.
306 [1] В някои страни също се използва pmol/l вместо pg/ml. ↑ [2] Според учените, преобразуването на цианокобаламина в активни коензимни форми (метилкобаламин и аденозилкобаламин) става на приблизително четири стъпки. [40] Метилкобаламинът се намира в кръвната плазма, гръбначномозъчната течност и цитозола. Аденозилкобаламинът преобладава в клетъчните тъкани, където се задържа от митохондриите. Ако някакъв дефект не позволява преобразуването на цианокобаламина 6 метилкобаламин, наличният B 12 е неизползваем и остава в кръвната плазма, ликвора и цитозола. ↑
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