Въведение Идеята за Пакистан



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Заключение
Сред мюсюлманските общества пакистанския случай на отношения между Исляма и политиката бил уникален в много отношения. На първо място, както вече казахме Ислямът е самата причина за съществуването на Пакистанската държава, политическия Ислям вече бил там когато се основавала държавата, и бил готов да бъде реализиран в комбинация с други фактори. Второ, политико-ислямското възраждане в Пакистан се появило в резултат на един съюз между държавата и религиозния сектор, а не под формата на конфронтация между двете. На трето място, за разлика от Иран, ислямското политическо възраждане в Пакистан не било в резултат на обществено-политическа революция, а в резултат на военен преврат, въпреки че военния преврат бил предшестван от масово движение започнало в името на Исляма. Преднамерените и преценени промени в името на Исляма осигурили непрекъснатостта на съществуващите структурни договорености в разпределението на властта в обществото. Четвърто, финансирана от държавата, ислямизацията се състояла главно от юридически и институционални промени в някои избрани области на обществения живот. Този процес бил улеснен от факта, че религиозни изисквания на ислямските групи били от такова естество, че можели лесно да се включат в съществуващите социални и политически отношения. Пето, присвояването на задачата за ислямизация от държавата целяло да се удовлетворят исканията за по-радикални промени в обществото, особено в областта на социалната и икономическата справедливост. Шесто, консервативната промяна на социално-културния живот в началото на ислямизацията не била посрещната със значителна съпротива от страна на либерално-модернистките групи в обществото. Едно от обясненията може да бъде, че либералите нямали органична връзка с обикновените хора, както и организационна основа еквивалентна на тази, която била на разположение на Уллема и светските ислямски групи, и по този начин не били в състояние да се превърнат в сила срещу консервативната тенденция. Седмо, въпреки че Ислямът осигурявал база за легитимност на военния режим и допринесъл значително за поддържането на степента на политическа стабилност, вида на ислямизация, който бил въведен от държавата и одобрен от ислямските групи, също така създал религиозни напрежения, конфликти и насилие110.

В днешно време Пакистан се превърнал в застрашена страна от гледна точкана тероризъм, разпространение на оръжия за масово поразяване, неспазване на демократимните принципи и човешките права, и търговия с наркотици, и ако Пакистан не предприеме сериозни и драстични вътрешни реформи, ситуацията е малко вероятно да се подобри. Но стремежа към модерна ислямска държава, в която се смесват фундаментите на религията и принципите на модерната демократична държава, е трудно постижимо като цяло, освен ако изискваната структура, начин на мислене и социални норми не са включени във всички сфери на обществото111.

Демокрация, ако тя означава политическа система, която позволява пълно и постоянно участие на хората, трябва тепърва да се зароди в Пакистан, защото корените на демокрацията лежат в егалитарната и икономическа структура, модерен предприемачески елит и значителна средна класа. Демокрацията също така се нуждае от незвисима съдебна система и върховенство на закона. В случая с Пакистан, неговите социални и икономически структури и неговия начин на мислене са все още дълбоко феодални. Религията също трябва да бъде въведена като доминираща сила, основополагайки фундаменталните граници на политическата структура. Също и позицията на армията трябвало да бъде преосмислена, поради това че на няколко пъти вземала властта, защото така наречените демократично избрани правителства действали не толкова демократично. Когато армията вземала властта, политиците оспорвали нейното присъствие, а когато е обратно в казармите, политиците искали нейното зъвръщане, за да спаси нацията. И така се завъртал един порочен кръг.

Религията трябва да играе всепроникваща роля в Пакистан, но необходимата политическа организация и закони трябвало да бъдат предварително съгласувани и решени с консенсус и от страна на релгиозните учени, и от страна на светските секции. Демокрацията се нуждае от няколко десетилетия, за да може да развие непоклатими и здрави корени, но политическото обучение и трансформация трябва да започнат сега. Ислямът не трябва да се използва като инструмент за търсене на легитимност на даден режим, а трябва да се въведе навсякъде. Религиозните партии в Пакистан трябва да променят своите политически програми и да почувстват пулса на хората, трябва да изоставят своите доктринални, теологически и религиозни различия относно промяната и прогреса като се обединят в едно политическо движение посредством умерена идеология и да препотвърдят ислямските закони и ценности в държавната инфраструктура. Политическите лидери трябва да обърнат внимание и на мулти-етническото и мулти-религиозно общество, защото именно този феномен ще помогне за изграждането на истинско гражданско общество в Пакистан, който изглежда като държава, която все още търси да създаде своята нация112.



Библиография:

  • Aasim Sajjad Akhtar, Moving beyond “Islamic”, The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: Islamization of Pakistan 1979 – 2009, The Middle East Institute, 2009

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Интернет сайтове:

  • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmentalism

  • http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/pakistan/islam-and-constitution/independence-islamic-republic

  • http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/pakistan/islam-and-constitution

  • http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/pakistan/islam-and-constitution/islam-religion-state




1 В това изследване използвам западния термин „islamisation", чрез който обяснявам разпространението на различни аспекти на политическия Ислямизъм в Пакистан (бел. а.)

2 Tanveer Khalid, Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

3 J. C. Johri (1991), “Indian Government and Policies”, New Delhi: Surjeet Publications

4 Reginald C. Coupland (1994), “The Indian Problem”, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press

5 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

6 Syed Sibte Hasan (1986), “The Battle of Ideas in Pakistan”, Lahore: Pakistan publishing House

7 Мустая Ахмед, „Правителства и политики в Пакистан”, Карачи: Спейс Пъблишърс, 1970

8 Percival Spear, 1979, “India, Pakistan and the West”, Oxford University Press

9 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

10 A. H. Dani (1981), “Founding Fathers of Pakistan”, Islamabad: Quaid-e-Azam University

11 Sir Muhammad Iqbal, “The Presidental Address” at Allahabad Session of Muslim Leagues, December 1930; I. H. Qureshi (1933), “The Struggle for Pakistan”, Karachi: University of Karachi

12 Sir Muhammad Iqbal, Presidential Address, Allahabad Session, December 1930, p.15; I. H. Qureshi; C. H. Philips and others, “The Evolution of India and Pakistan, 1858 to 1874”, 1962

13 Syed Sibte Hasan (1986), “The Battle of Ideas in Pakistan”, Lahore: Pakistan publishing House

14 Джамилудин Ахмед, 1970, „Исторически документи на мюсюлманскто движение за свобода”, Лахор: Юнайтед Пъблишърс

15 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

16 Percival Spear, 1979, “India, Pakistan and the West”, Oxford University Press; Reginald C. Coupland (1994), “The Indian Problem”, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press; K. B. Sayeed, 1968, “Pakistan: The Formative Phase 1857 – 1948”, Oxford University Press; H. M. Seervai (1989), “Partition in India: Legend and Reality”, Bombay: Moneck; Stanley Wolpert (1984), “Jinnah of Pakistan”, New York: Oxford University Press

17 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

18 Ian Stephens (1967), “Pakistan”, New York: Praeger; K. B. Sayeed, 1968, “Pakistan: The Formative Phase 1857 – 1948”, Oxford University Press

19 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

20 Jamiluddin Ahmed (1997), “Some Recent Speeches and Writings of Mr. Jinnah” Vol. 11, Lahore: Mohammed Ashral; Hamid Yusuf, “Pakistan: A study of political developments 1947-97”, Lohore: Sand-e-Meel Publications, 1999; Hugh Tinker (1967), “India and Pakistan: A Political Analysis”, New York: Frederick A. Praeger

21 J. D. Ahrnad, Vol. 2

22 Reginald Sorensen, “My impressions of India”, London, 1946

23 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

24 Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s address to Pakistan’s first Constituent Assembly, August 11, 1947.

25 Сайед бин-Камид, 1967, „Политическата система на Пакистан”, Оксфорд Юнивърсити Прес

26 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

27 Мохамад Номан, „Нашата борба 1857 - 1947”, Карачи, Пакистан Публикейшън

28 Мохамед Икбал, 1960, „Реконструкцията на религиозните принципи в Исляма”, Лахор: Шейкх М. Ашраф

29 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

30 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

31 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

32 Afzal Iqbal (1986), “Islamisation of Pakistan”, Lahore: Vanguard

33 Constituent Assemby of Pakistan debates, Vol. V, 1949

34 Constituent Assemby of Pakistan debates, Vol. V, 1949

35 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

36 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

37 Ishtiaq Ahmad, Reclaiming Pakistan’s Pacifist Religious Creed, The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: Islamization of Pakistan 1979 – 2009, The Middle East Institute, 2009

38 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

39 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

40 Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

41 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

42 Suroosh Irfani, Pakistan: Reclaiming the Founding Moment, The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: Islamization of Pakistan 1979 – 2009, The Middle East Institute, 2009

43 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

44 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

45 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmentalism

46 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

47 Aasim Sajjad Akhtar, Moving beyond “Islamic,” The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: Islamization of Pakistan 1979 – 2009, The Middle East Institute, 2009

48 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

49 Interim Report of the Basic Principles Committee, 1950

50 Constitution Assambly of Pakistan Debates, Vol. 11, February 25, 1948

51 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

52 Aasim Sajjad Akhtar, Moving beyond “Islamic,” The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: Islamization of Pakistan 1979 – 2009, The Middle East Institute, 2009

53 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

54 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

55 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

56 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

57 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

58 Mustafa Chowdhury, “Pakistan – its politics and bureaucracy”, New Delhi: Associated Publishing House, 1987; Gunner Myrdal, “Asian Drama: An inquiry into the poverty of nations”, Vol. 1, New York: Pantheon, 1968

59 Ralph Braibanti, “Public bureaucracy and judiciary in Pakistan”, in La Palombara; “Bureaucracy and political development”, Princeton University Press, 1963

60 Viqar Ahmad and Rashid Amjad, “The management of Pakistan’s economy 1947-1982”, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1984

61 Imran Ali, Imperialism, Extremism, and the Withering State, The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: Islamization of Pakistan 1979 – 2009, The Middle East Institute, 2009

62 S. M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring, “Pakistan’s foreign policy: An historical analysis”, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1990

63 Hamid Yusuf, “Pakistan: A study of political developments 1947-97”, Lohore: Sand-e-Meel Publications, 1999; Khalid B. Sayeed, “The political system of Pakistan”, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967; Mustafa Chowdhury, “Pakistan – its politics and bureaucracy”, New Delhi: Associated Publishing House, 1987

64 C. I. Eugene Kim and Lawrance Ziring, “An introduction of Asian politics”, London: Prentice-Hall, 1977; Ian Stephens, “Pakistan”, London: Pelican Books, 1964

65 G. W. Choudhury, “The East Pakistan political scene, 1955-1957”, Jopurnal of Pacific Affairs, December 1957; M. Rashiduzzaman, “Pakistan: A study of government and politics”, Dacca: Ideal Library, 1967

66 Ian Stephens (1967), “Pakistan”, New York: Praeger

67 Keith Callard, “Pakistan: A political study”, Oxford: Allen & Unwin, 1968

68 Lawrence Ziring, The Legacy of Bhutto and Zia’s Contending Visions and Security Policies, The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: Islamization of Pakistan 1979 – 2009, The Middle East Institute, 2009

69 Hamid Yusuf, “Pakistan: A study of political developments 1947-97”, Lohore: Sand-e-Meel Publications, 1999

70 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

71 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

72 Lawrence Ziring, The Legacy of Bhutto and Zia’s Contending Visions and Security Policies, The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: Islamization of Pakistan 1979 – 2009, The Middle East Institute, 2009

73 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

74 Ardeshir Cowasjee, “The Missing Chapter”, Down, 22 June 1997

75 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

76 Omer Noman, “The Political Economy of Pakistan 1947-1985”, KPI: London, 1988

77 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

78 Daily Morning News, 6 July 1977

79 Jean-Luc Racine, Thirty Years after 1979: Is Pakistan Changing Its Strategic Paradigm?, The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: Islamization of Pakistan 1979 – 2009, The Middle East Institute, 2009

80 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

81 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

82 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

83 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

84 Ishtiaq Ahmad, Reclaiming Pakistan’s Pacifist Religious Creed, The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: Islamization of Pakistan 1979 – 2009, The Middle East Institute, 2009

85 http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/pakistan/islam-and-constitution/independence-islamic-republic

86 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

87 Aasim Sajjad Akhtar, Moving beyond “Islamic,” The Middle East Institute Viewpoints: Islamization of Pakistan 1979 – 2009, The Middle East Institute, 2009

88 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

89 http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/pakistan/islam-and-constitution/independence-islamic-republic

90 Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 1956

91 http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/pakistan/islam-and-constitution/independence-islamic-republic

92 http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/pakistan/islam-and-constitution

93 G. W. Choudhury, “Government and politics in Pakistan”

94 Constitution of Pakistan, 1962, Article 197

95 Daily Down, Karachi, 24 March 1962

96 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

97 http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/pakistan/islam-and-constitution/islam-religion-state

98 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

99 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

100 Виж по-горе: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmentalism

101 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

102 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

103 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

104 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

105 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

106 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

107 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

108 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

109 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

110 Mumtaz Ahmad, Islam, Politics and the State: The Case of Pakistan, Islam and State: Practice and Perceptions in Pakistan and the Contemporary Muslim World, Islamabad Policy Research Institute, Asia Printers,Islamabad, 2012

111 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004

112 Tanveer Khalidр Islamization in Pakistan: A Political and Constitutional Study from 1947-1988, University of Karachi, Pakistan, 2004



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