Качествени услуги в помощ на съчетаването на професионалния и личния живот

4.Заключения

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  количествения и качествения ръст на заетостта на жените в новия цикъл на Европейската стратегия за растеж и заетост;
  
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  включването на аспекта на пола във всички измерения на качеството на труда;
  
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  повишаването както на предлагането, така и на качеството на услугите, даващи възможност за съчетаване на професионалния и личния живот и за мъжете, и за жените;
  
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  борбата срещу стереотипите в образованието, заетостта и медиите и изтъкването на ролята на мъжете за насърчаване на равенството;
  
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  разработването на инструменти за оценка на въздействието на политиките с оглед на пола.
  

This statistical annex provides an overview of the situation of women and men in the EU, its evolution over time and remaining gender gaps in different fields such as the labour market, education, presence in decision making positions and social inclusion. Indicators have been chosen according to their relevance in covering aspects of the lives of women and men and the availability of comparable and reliable data. These indicators were already presented in the previous reports in order to facilitate the follow-up from one year to another.

The European Strategy for Jobs and Growth set the target of reaching an employment rate for women of 60% by 2010. In the past years, female employment has witnessed continuous growth, at a rate that was consistently higher for women than for men. The employment rate of women rose by almost 3 percentage points (p.p.) between 2001 and 2006, from 54.3% to 57.2%, whereas over the same period the employment rate of men increased by only 0.7 p.p., from 70.9% to 71.6%. As a result, the gap between women's and men's employment rates decreased from 16.6 p.p. in 2001 to 14.4 p.p. in 2006. At national level, significant differences exist across the EU, as the employment rate of women in Malta (34.9%) was less than half that reported in Denmark (73.4%) or Sweden (70.7%). The employment rate gap between women and men ranged from less than 5 p.p. in Finland and Sweden to more than 25 p.p. in Greece and Malta. In general, the employment rate gap increases with age and is the highest amongst older workers (55 to 64 years). In 2006, it was on average 17.8, down from 19.5 p.p. in 2001 thanks to the strong increase of the employment rate of women above 55 years, from 28.2% in 2001 to 34.8% in 2006.

A similar trends could be evidenced in the evolution of unemployment rates, that dropped by 0.6 p.p. to 9.0% between 2001 and 2006 for women, whilst the decrease was limited to 0.1 p.p. for men to 7.6%. As a result, the gap between women's and men's unemployment rates narrowed from 1.9 p.p. in 2001 to 1.4 p.p. in 2006. This decrease occurred notably in countries where the gap was the highest in 2001 (Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Germany, France and Poland).

Women's participation in the labour market is still largely characterised by a high and increasing share of part-time work. In 2007, the share of women employees working part-time was 31.4% in the EU-27 while the corresponding figure for men was 7.8%. The share of female part-timers exceeded 30% in France, Ireland, Denmark and Luxembourg, 40% in Sweden, Austria, Belgium, United Kingdom and Germany and even reached 74.9% in the Netherlands. Conversely, the share of part-timers among female workers was very low in Bulgaria, Slovakia, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Latvia.

Parenthood has a significant long-term effect on women's participation to the labour market. This reflects women's predominant role in the care of children, elderly or disabled persons. In 2006, the employment rate for women aged 20-49 was 62.4% when they had children under 12, compared with 76% when they did not, a negative difference of 13.6 p.p. Interestingly, men with children under 12 had a significantly higher employment rate than those without, 91.4% vs. 80.8%, a positive difference of 10.6 p.p. Participation in employment and the amount of time worked by women between 20 and 49 years are closely linked to the number and age of their children, which is less the case for men.

Women record a higher educational attainment than men in all Member States. On average, 80.7% of young women (20-24) reached at least upper secondary school in the EU in 2006, against only 74.8% on young men. Furthermore, women represent as much as 59% of university graduates. However, study fields continue to be greatly segmented with a low presence of women in engineering or science and technology and a high one in health, education or the humanities.

The choice of study fields certainly impacts on the gender segregation of the labour markets evidenced both for occupations and economic sectors. Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, and Finland face high segregation in occupations whilst sectoral segregation is the highest in Estonia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Ireland, Finland and Sweden. In consequence of segregated labour markets there is an under-representation of women in sectors crucial for economic development and usually well remunerated. For example, only 29% of scientists and engineers in the EU are women.

The average number of women member of national parliaments (single/lower houses) was 23% in 2007, unchanged since 2004 level. This share exceeds 35% Belgium, Spain, Denmark and the Netherlands and 40% in Finland and Sweden. However, it was below 15% in Greece, Cyprus, France, Slovenia, Ireland, Romania and Hungary and did not exceed 10% in Malta. Regarding decision-making in the economic sphere, women's share among managers in enterprises and administrations was 32.6% in 2006, up from 30.1% in 2001. This share exceeded 35% in Hungary, France, Latvia and Lithuania, but was lower than 20% in Malta and Cyprus.

The disadvantaged position of women on the labour market has consequences on the higher exposure risk of women to poverty. This was particularly true for persons above 65 years, amongst which the share of people living in households at risk of poverty (having an income below the threshold set at 60% of the national median income) was significantly higher for women than for men in the EU-25 in 2005 (21% vs. 16%). This was a pattern in almost all Member States. The gap exceeds 10 p.p. in six countries: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuanian, Slovenia and Finland.

Provisional value: EU-27, DE and FR.

Provisional value: EU-27, DE and FR.