Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), annual averages. EU-27, DE and FR : Provisional value
Pay gap between women and men in unadjusted form in EU Member States - 2006 (Difference between men’s and women’s average gross hourly earnings as a percentage of men’s average gross hourly earnings)
|
2006 (1)
|
EU (27 countries)
|
15
|
Belgium
|
7
|
Bulgaria
|
14
|
Czech Republic
|
18
|
Denmark
|
18
|
Germany
|
22
|
Estonia
|
25
|
Ireland
|
9
|
Greece
|
10
|
Spain
|
13
|
France
|
11
|
Italy
|
9
|
Cyprus
|
24
|
Latvia
|
16
|
Lithuania
|
15
|
Luxembourg
|
14
|
Hungary
|
11
|
Malta
|
3
|
Netherlands
|
18
|
Austria
|
20
|
Poland
|
12
|
Portugal
|
9
|
Romania
|
10
|
Slovenia
|
8
|
Slovakia
|
22
|
Finland
|
20
|
Sweden
|
16
|
United Kingdom
|
20
|
Source: Eurostat. Administrative data are used for LU, Labour Force Survey for FR and MT. Provisional results of EU-SILC (Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) are used for BE, IE, EL, ES, IT, AT, PT, and UK. All other sources are national surveys. EU27, BE, IE, EL, ES, FR, CY and SI: Provisional results.
Exception to the reference year: (1) 2005: DK, DE, EE, IT, LT, NL, PT and UK
NB: EU27 estimates are population weighted-averages of the latest available values. CZ: calculations based on the median earnings.
Life-long learning - Percentage of the population aged 25-64 participating in education and training over the four weeks prior to the survey, 2006
|
Women
|
Men
|
EU-27
|
10.4
|
8.8
|
Belgium
|
7.6
|
7.4
|
Bulgaria
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
Czech Republic
|
5.9
|
5.4
|
Denmark
|
33.8
|
24.6
|
Germany
|
7.3
|
7.8
|
Estonia
|
8.6
|
4.2
|
Ireland
|
8.9
|
6.1
|
Greece
|
1.8
|
2.0
|
Spain
|
11.5
|
9.3
|
France
|
7.8
|
7.2
|
Italy
|
6.5
|
5.7
|
Cyprus
|
7.8
|
6.5
|
Latvia
|
9.3
|
4.1
|
Lithuania
|
6.6
|
2.9
|
Luxembourg
|
8.7
|
7.6
|
Hungary
|
4.4
|
3.1
|
Malta
|
5.6
|
5.5
|
Netherlands
|
15.9
|
15.3
|
Austria
|
14.0
|
12.2
|
Poland
|
5.1
|
4.3
|
Portugal
|
4.0
|
3.7
|
Romania
|
1.3
|
1.3
|
Slovenia
|
16.3
|
13.8
|
Slovakia
|
4.6
|
4.0
|
Finland
|
27.0
|
19.3
|
Sweden
|
36.5
|
27.9
|
United Kingdom
|
31.2
|
22.0
|
Source: Eurostat, Labour force Survey. NB: BE, LT, LV, PT and UK : Provisional value. EE and LT : values for men : Unreliable or uncertain data. Exception to the reference year: SE: 2005
Educational attainment (at least upper secondary school) of women and men aged 20 - 24, in EU Member States – 2006
|
Women
|
Men
|
EU-27
|
80.7
|
74.8
|
Belgium
|
85.6
|
79.1
|
Bulgaria
|
81.1
|
80.0
|
Czech Republic
|
92.4
|
91.1
|
Denmark
|
81.5
|
73.4
|
Germany
|
73.5
|
69.8
|
Estonia
|
89.8
|
74.1
|
Ireland
|
89.1
|
81.8
|
Greece
|
86.6
|
75.5
|
Spain
|
69.0
|
54.6
|
France
|
84.3
|
80.0
|
Italy
|
79.4
|
71.7
|
Cyprus
|
90.7
|
76.1
|
Latvia
|
86.2
|
75.9
|
Lithuania
|
91.2
|
85.3
|
Luxembourg
|
74.5
|
64.0
|
Hungary
|
84.7
|
81.2
|
Malta
|
52.8
|
48.1
|
Netherlands
|
79.6
|
69.9
|
Austria
|
86.7
|
84.9
|
Poland
|
93.8
|
89.6
|
Portugal
|
58.6
|
40.8
|
Romania
|
77.8
|
76.6
|
Slovenia
|
91.4
|
87.7
|
Slovakia
|
91.7
|
91.2
|
Finland
|
87.0
|
82.3
|
Sweden
|
88.6
|
84.5
|
United Kingdom
|
80.3
|
77.3
|
Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), annual averages.
NB: BG, CY, EL, FI, IT, MT, RO: Provisional value. Students living abroad for one year or more and conscripts on compulsory military service are not covered by the EU Labour Force Survey, which may imply lower rates than those available at national level. This is especially relevant for CY.
Members of single/lower houses of national parliaments in EU Member States - Distribution by sex 2004 and 2007 (1)
|
2004
|
2007
|
|
Women
|
Men
|
Women
|
Men
|
EU 27
|
23
|
77
|
23
|
77
|
Belgium
|
33
|
67
|
35
|
65
|
Bulgaria
|
:
|
:
|
22
|
78
|
Czech Republic
|
15
|
85
|
15
|
85
|
Denmark
|
38
|
62
|
37
|
63
|
Germany
|
32
|
68
|
31
|
69
|
Estonia
|
15
|
85
|
22
|
78
|
Ireland
|
12
|
88
|
13
|
87
|
Greece
|
13
|
87
|
14
|
86
|
Spain
|
35
|
65
|
37
|
63
|
France
|
13
|
87
|
13
|
87
|
Italy
|
12
|
88
|
17
|
83
|
Cyprus
|
9
|
91
|
14
|
86
|
Latvia
|
17
|
83
|
19
|
81
|
Lithuania
|
22
|
78
|
24
|
76
|
Luxembourg
|
24
|
76
|
25
|
75
|
Hungary
|
9
|
91
|
11
|
89
|
Malta
|
9
|
91
|
9
|
91
|
Netherlands
|
38
|
62
|
39
|
61
|
Austria
|
36
|
64
|
32
|
68
|
Poland
|
21
|
79
|
20
|
80
|
Portugal
|
20
|
80
|
26
|
74
|
Romania
|
:
|
:
|
11
|
89
|
Slovenia
|
13
|
87
|
13
|
87
|
Slovakia
|
17
|
83
|
19
|
81
|
Finland
|
40
|
60
|
42
|
58
|
Sweden
|
48
|
52
|
48
|
52
|
United Kingdom
|
18
|
82
|
20
|
80
|
Source: European Commission, Employment, Social affairs and Equal opportunities DG, Database on Women and Men in Decision making. NB: (1) Data for 2007 have been collected in June 2007. The indicator has been developed within the framework of the follow-up of the Beijing Platform for Action in the EU Council of Ministers. Data for 2004 are not available for BG and RO. EU aggregate : for 2004, the value is for EU-25 and not EU-27.
Distribution of managers by sex in EU Member States – 2001 and 2006
|
2001
|
2006
|
|
Women
|
Men
|
Women
|
Men
|
EU-27 (1)
|
30.1
|
69.9
|
32.6
|
67.4
|
Belgium
|
33.3
|
66.7
|
31.3
|
68.7
|
Bulgaria
|
32.4
|
67.6
|
30.5
|
69.5
|
Czech Republic
|
26.5
|
73.5
|
29.2
|
70.8
|
Denmark
|
20.8
|
79.2
|
24.3
|
75.7
|
Germany
|
27.0
|
73.0
|
27.4
|
72.6
|
Estonia
|
34.2
|
65.8
|
33.4
|
66.6
|
Ireland
|
27.3
|
72.7
|
30.2
|
69.8
|
Greece
|
24.7
|
75.3
|
26.8
|
73.2
|
Spain
|
32.3
|
67.7
|
31.8
|
68.2
|
France
|
35.6
|
64.4
|
38.5
|
61.5
|
Italy
|
17.8
|
82.2
|
32.9
|
67.1
|
Cyprus
|
19.4
|
80.6
|
16.1
|
83.9
|
Latvia
|
37.7
|
62.3
|
40.6
|
59.4
|
Lithuania
|
46.7
|
53.3
|
40.7
|
59.3
|
Luxembourg
|
30.5
|
69.5
|
25.9
|
74.1
|
Hungary
|
35.2
|
64.8
|
37.1
|
62.9
|
Malta
|
15.8
|
84.2
|
18.6
|
81.4
|
Netherlands
|
26.0
|
74.0
|
27.0
|
73.0
|
Austria
|
30.3
|
69.7
|
28.7
|
71.3
|
Poland
|
32.1
|
67.9
|
35.2
|
64.8
|
Portugal
|
30.8
|
69.2
|
33.1
|
66.9
|
Romania
|
-
|
-
|
31.1
|
68.9
|
Slovenia
|
31.8
|
68.2
|
33.4
|
66.6
|
Slovakia
|
31.2
|
68.8
|
27.7
|
72.3
|
Finland
|
27.7
|
72.3
|
29.5
|
70.5
|
Sweden
|
30.3
|
69.7
|
31.8
|
68.2
|
United Kingdom
|
31.0
|
69.0
|
34.8
|
65.2
|
Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS). (1) EU aggregate for 2001 is the value for EU-25 and not EU-27.
NB: Managers are persons classified in ISCO 12 and 13.
For MT and CY: data lack reliability due to small sample size
For IT: Change of data collection method. No data for RO in 2001.
Gender segregation in occupations and in economic sectors in EU Member States, in 2001 and 2006
|
Gender segregation in occupations
|
Gender segregation in economic sectors
|
|
2001
|
2006
|
2001
|
2006
|
Belgium
|
26.1
|
26.1
|
18.1
|
18.3
|
Bulgaria
|
27.0
|
28.7
|
17.5
|
19.6
|
Czech Republic
|
29.2
|
28.1
|
18.9
|
19.1
|
Denmark
|
28.1
|
27.8
|
19.0
|
19.4
|
Germany
|
27.0
|
26.5
|
18.2
|
18.2
|
Estonia
|
32.4
|
31.6
|
24.4
|
24.3
|
Ireland
|
26.7
|
26.8
|
20.7
|
22.7
|
Greece
|
21.5
|
22.4
|
15.4
|
15.9
|
Spain
|
24.9
|
27.1
|
19.3
|
20.4
|
France
|
26.6
|
26.6
|
17.4
|
18.1
|
Italy
|
21.9
|
23.7
|
15.2
|
17.8
|
Cyprus
|
29.5
|
29.3
|
17.5
|
19.6
|
Latvia
|
29.7
|
29.4
|
21.0
|
23.8
|
Lithuania
|
28.4
|
29.4
|
20.8
|
23.1
|
Luxembourg
|
26.8
|
26.4
|
19.6
|
18.3
|
Hungary
|
28.3
|
28.8
|
19.3
|
19.9
|
Malta
|
17.2
|
24.7
|
15.2
|
16.5
|
Netherlands
|
25.0
|
25.6
|
18.1
|
18.0
|
Austria
|
27.2
|
25.9
|
20.3
|
19.3
|
Poland
|
25.6
|
25.5
|
13.9
|
19.4
|
Portugal
|
26.3
|
26.5
|
21.2
|
20.4
|
Romania
|
11.8
|
22.8
|
13.8
|
15.5
|
Slovenia
|
26.8
|
26.8
|
17.4
|
17.8
|
Slovakia
|
31.2
|
29.9
|
22.8
|
22.8
|
Finland
|
29.6
|
29.0
|
21.9
|
22.7
|
Sweden
|
28.0
|
26.8
|
21.2
|
21.6
|
United Kingdom
|
26.8
|
25.6
|
18.8
|
18.6
|
Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS) – Spring data. FR : Provisional value. Exception to the reference year for occupations: LU: 2005 (annual average)
Gender segregation in occupations is calculated as the average national share of employment for women and men applied to each occupation; differences are added up to produce the total amount of gender imbalance expressed as a proportion of total employment (ISCO classification). Gender segregation in sectors is calculated as the average national share of employment for women and men applied to each sector; differences are added up to produce the total amount of gender imbalance expressed as a proportion of total employment (NACE classification).
Employment rates of women and men (aged 25-49), depending on whether they have children (under 12) – 2006
|
Without children
|
With children
|
Difference
|
|
Women
|
Men
|
Women
|
Men
|
Women
|
Men
|
EU-27
|
76.0
|
80.8
|
62.4
|
91.4
|
-13.6
|
10.6
|
Belgium
|
75.5
|
81.7
|
69.3
|
92.2
|
-6.2
|
10.5
|
Bulgaria
|
74.7
|
76.6
|
61.5
|
81.2
|
-13.2
|
4.7
|
Czech Republic
|
83.2
|
87.1
|
53.4
|
93.9
|
-29.8
|
6.8
|
Germany
|
80.3
|
80.6
|
62.7
|
91.4
|
-17.6
|
10.8
|
Estonia
|
82.7
|
86.9
|
66.7
|
92.4
|
-16.0
|
5.5
|
Greece
|
64.1
|
82.5
|
57.0
|
96.8
|
-7.0
|
14.3
|
Spain
|
75.5
|
84.3
|
58.8
|
93.2
|
-16.7
|
8.8
|
France
|
73.7
|
76.6
|
65.9
|
91.1
|
-7.7
|
14.4
|
Italy
|
66.7
|
80.7
|
54.6
|
93.8
|
-12.1
|
13.1
|
Cyprus
|
82.1
|
87.8
|
70.8
|
95.7
|
-11.3
|
7.8
|
Latvia
|
82.1
|
80.9
|
68.4
|
91.2
|
-13.7
|
10.3
|
Lithuania
|
81.5
|
78.9
|
77.2
|
89.7
|
-4.3
|
10.7
|
Luxembourg
|
80.2
|
90.3
|
65.0
|
95.7
|
-15.3
|
5.5
|
Hungary
|
76.1
|
79.1
|
49.8
|
86.1
|
-26.3
|
7.0
|
Malta
|
68.7
|
88.6
|
32.6
|
94.0
|
-36.1
|
5.3
|
Netherlands
|
83.8
|
87.9
|
72.7
|
94.5
|
-11.2
|
6.6
|
Austria
|
83.6
|
87.7
|
68.5
|
92.9
|
-15.1
|
5.3
|
Poland
|
69.9
|
71.5
|
60.8
|
88.0
|
-9.2
|
16.5
|
Portugal
|
77.3
|
82.7
|
76.4
|
94.2
|
-0.9
|
11.5
|
Romania
|
70.7
|
76.9
|
66.3
|
85.4
|
-4.3
|
8.6
|
Slovenia
|
77.1
|
82.7
|
84.8
|
95.3
|
7.8
|
12.6
|
Slovakia
|
79.0
|
79.5
|
54.2
|
88.2
|
-24.8
|
8.7
|
Finland
|
78.9
|
79.5
|
70.6
|
92.7
|
-8.3
|
13.2
|
United Kingdom
|
82.9
|
84.1
|
63.1
|
91.0
|
-19.8
|
6.8
|
Source : Eurostat, European Labour Force Survey, annual averages.
Notes: No data for DK, IE and SE.
At-risk-of-poverty rate after social transfers for older people (women and men aged 65 years and over) in EU Member States – 2004
|
Women
|
Men
|
EU-27
|
21
|
16
|
Belgium
|
22
|
20
|
Bulgaria
|
23
|
5
|
Czech Republic
|
7
|
2
|
Denmark
|
18
|
17
|
Germany
|
18
|
12
|
Estonia
|
26
|
10
|
Ireland
|
36
|
30
|
Greece
|
30
|
25
|
Spain
|
32
|
26
|
France
|
18
|
15
|
Italy
|
25
|
19
|
Cyprus
|
53
|
47
|
Latvia
|
26
|
12
|
Lithuania
|
22
|
6
|
Luxembourg
|
5
|
9
|
Hungary
|
8
|
4
|
Malta
|
17
|
16
|
Netherlands
|
6
|
5
|
Austria
|
17
|
10
|
Poland
|
9
|
5
|
Portugal
|
28
|
28
|
Romania
|
21
|
12
|
Slovenia
|
26
|
11
|
Slovakia
|
10
|
3
|
Finland
|
23
|
11
|
Sweden
|
14
|
6
|
United Kingdom
|
29
|
24
|
Source: Eurostat. SILC and national sources.
NB: 1) At risk of poverty rate for elderly persons: The share of persons aged 65+ with an income below the risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60% of the national median income. Income must be understood as equivalised disposable income (sum from all sources, adjusted for household size and composition). It should be noted that the risk-of-poverty indicator is computed using an income definition which does not yet include imputed rent of owner-occupiers. Comparisons between genders are based on the assumption of equal sharing of resources within households. Source: EU-25 : SILC(2005) Income data 2004. BG: National HBS 2004, income data 2004 and RO National HBS 2005, income data 2005. Exception to the income reference period : UK: income year 2005 and IE: moving income reference period (2004-2005). EU aggregates are computed as population weighted averages of national values.
Indicators for the candidate countries in 2006
|
Turkey
|
Croatia
|
FYROM
|
|
Women
|
Men
|
Gap
|
Women
|
Men
|
Gap
|
Women
|
Men
|
Gap
|
Activity rate (15-64) (1)
|
26.1
|
74.4
|
48.3
|
56.9
|
68.9
|
12.0
|
43.2
|
64.9
|
21.7
|
Employment rate (15-64) (2)
|
23.9
|
68.1
|
44.2
|
49.4
|
62.0
|
12.6
|
30.7
|
48.3
|
17.6
|
Employment rate (of people aged 20-49) with/without children <12
|
22.3/40.8
|
88/76.4
|
-
|
65.8/68.9
|
86/73.6
|
-
|
:
|
:
|
:
|
Employment rate of older workers (55-64) (3)
|
16.7
|
44.1
|
27.4
|
25.7
|
44.4
|
18.7
|
17
|
36
|
19
|
Unemployment rate (2)
|
8.4
|
8.4
|
0
|
12.7
|
9.8
|
-2.9
|
37.2
|
35.3
|
-1.9
|
Unemployment on population 15-24 (4)
|
3.9
|
8
|
4.1
|
9.8
|
10.9
|
1.1
|
20.2
|
21.1
|
0.9
|
Share of part-time workers
|
17.8
|
4.4
|
-13.4
|
11.7
|
7.5
|
-4.2
|
:
|
:
|
:
|
Share of employees with temporary contracts
|
13.1
|
13.3
|
0.2
|
12.6
|
13.1
|
0.5
|
:
|
:
|
:
|
Educational attainment (upper secondary school, 20-24) (5)
|
51.7
|
38.9
|
12.8
|
94.9
|
92.8
|
2.1
|
:
|
:
|
:
|
Life long learning (5)
|
2.4
|
1.6
|
0.8
|
2.1
|
2.0
|
0.1
|
:
|
:
|
:
|
Share of members of national parliaments (6)
|
3
|
97
|
-
|
22
|
78
|
-
|
27.5
|
72.5
|
-
|
Share among managers
|
7.8
|
92.2
|
-
|
25.6
|
74.4
|
-
|
:
|
:
|
:
|
Source: LFS 2006. For FYROM: other sources indicated below.
The gender gap is always calculated as the value for men minus the value for women.
(1) For FYROM, the reference year is 2004 and the source is Labour Force Survey 2005, Basic – Republic of Macedonia, State Statistical Office. It should be noted that the activity rate is calculated among all persons older than 15 (and not 15-64).
(2) For FYROM, the source is the FYROM 2007 Progress report (SEC(2007)1432).
(3) For FYROM, the reference year is 2004 and the source is DG EMPL's estimate based on Labour Force Survey 2005, Basic – Republic of Macedonia, State Statistical Office.
(4) For FYROM, the reference year is 2004 and the source is Labour Force Survey 2005, Basic – Republic of Macedonia, State Statistical Office.
(5) Exception to the reference year: Croatia: 2005
(6) Source: European Commission, Employment, Social affairs and Equal opportunities DG, Database on Women and Men in Decision making, except for FYROM where the source is the FYROM 2007 Progress report (SEC(2007)1432).
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