Доклад на комисията до съвета, до европейския парламент, до европейския икономически и социален комитет и до комитета на регионите


Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), annual averages. EU-27, DE and FR : Provisional value



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Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), annual averages. EU-27, DE and FR : Provisional value

Pay gap between women and men in unadjusted form in EU Member States - 2006 (Difference between men’s and women’s average gross hourly earnings as a percentage of men’s average gross hourly earnings)




2006 (1)

EU (27 countries)

15

Belgium

7

Bulgaria

14

Czech Republic

18

Denmark

18

Germany

22

Estonia

25

Ireland

9

Greece

10

Spain

13

France

11

Italy

9

Cyprus

24

Latvia

16

Lithuania

15

Luxembourg

14

Hungary

11

Malta

3

Netherlands

18

Austria

20

Poland

12

Portugal

9

Romania

10

Slovenia

8

Slovakia

22

Finland

20

Sweden

16

United Kingdom

20

Source: Eurostat. Administrative data are used for LU, Labour Force Survey for FR and MT. Provisional results of EU-SILC (Statistics on Income and Living Conditions) are used for BE, IE, EL, ES, IT, AT, PT, and UK. All other sources are national surveys. EU27, BE, IE, EL, ES, FR, CY and SI: Provisional results.

Exception to the reference year: (1) 2005: DK, DE, EE, IT, LT, NL, PT and UK



NB: EU27 estimates are population weighted-averages of the latest available values. CZ: calculations based on the median earnings.

Life-long learning - Percentage of the population aged 25-64 participating in education and training over the four weeks prior to the survey, 2006




Women

Men

EU-27

10.4

8.8

Belgium

7.6

7.4

Bulgaria

1.3

1.3

Czech Republic

5.9

5.4

Denmark

33.8

24.6

Germany

7.3

7.8

Estonia

8.6

4.2

Ireland

8.9

6.1

Greece

1.8

2.0

Spain

11.5

9.3

France

7.8

7.2

Italy

6.5

5.7

Cyprus

7.8

6.5

Latvia

9.3

4.1

Lithuania

6.6

2.9

Luxembourg

8.7

7.6

Hungary

4.4

3.1

Malta

5.6

5.5

Netherlands

15.9

15.3

Austria

14.0

12.2

Poland

5.1

4.3

Portugal

4.0

3.7

Romania

1.3

1.3

Slovenia

16.3

13.8

Slovakia

4.6

4.0

Finland

27.0

19.3

Sweden

36.5

27.9

United Kingdom

31.2

22.0

Source: Eurostat, Labour force Survey. NB: BE, LT, LV, PT and UK : Provisional value. EE and LT : values for men : Unreliable or uncertain data. Exception to the reference year: SE: 2005

Educational attainment (at least upper secondary school) of women and men aged 20 - 24, in EU Member States – 2006




Women

Men

EU-27

80.7

74.8

Belgium

85.6

79.1

Bulgaria

81.1

80.0

Czech Republic

92.4

91.1

Denmark

81.5

73.4

Germany

73.5

69.8

Estonia

89.8

74.1

Ireland

89.1

81.8

Greece

86.6

75.5

Spain

69.0

54.6

France

84.3

80.0

Italy

79.4

71.7

Cyprus

90.7

76.1

Latvia

86.2

75.9

Lithuania

91.2

85.3

Luxembourg

74.5

64.0

Hungary

84.7

81.2

Malta

52.8

48.1

Netherlands

79.6

69.9

Austria

86.7

84.9

Poland

93.8

89.6

Portugal

58.6

40.8

Romania

77.8

76.6

Slovenia

91.4

87.7

Slovakia

91.7

91.2

Finland

87.0

82.3

Sweden

88.6

84.5

United Kingdom

80.3

77.3

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS), annual averages.

NB: BG, CY, EL, FI, IT, MT, RO: Provisional value. Students living abroad for one year or more and conscripts on compulsory military service are not covered by the EU Labour Force Survey, which may imply lower rates than those available at national level. This is especially relevant for CY.



Members of single/lower houses of national parliaments in EU Member States - Distribution by sex 2004 and 2007 (1)




2004

2007




Women

Men

Women

Men

EU 27

23

77

23

77

Belgium

33

67

35

65

Bulgaria

:

:

22

78

Czech Republic

15

85

15

85

Denmark

38

62

37

63

Germany

32

68

31

69

Estonia

15

85

22

78

Ireland

12

88

13

87

Greece

13

87

14

86

Spain

35

65

37

63

France

13

87

13

87

Italy

12

88

17

83

Cyprus

9

91

14

86

Latvia

17

83

19

81

Lithuania

22

78

24

76

Luxembourg

24

76

25

75

Hungary

9

91

11

89

Malta

9

91

9

91

Netherlands

38

62

39

61

Austria

36

64

32

68

Poland

21

79

20

80

Portugal

20

80

26

74

Romania

:

:

11

89

Slovenia

13

87

13

87

Slovakia

17

83

19

81

Finland

40

60

42

58

Sweden

48

52

48

52

United Kingdom

18

82

20

80

Source: European Commission, Employment, Social affairs and Equal opportunities DG, Database on Women and Men in Decision making. NB: (1) Data for 2007 have been collected in June 2007. The indicator has been developed within the framework of the follow-up of the Beijing Platform for Action in the EU Council of Ministers. Data for 2004 are not available for BG and RO. EU aggregate : for 2004, the value is for EU-25 and not EU-27.

Distribution of managers by sex in EU Member States – 2001 and 2006




2001

2006




Women

Men

Women

Men

EU-27 (1)

30.1

69.9

32.6

67.4

Belgium

33.3

66.7

31.3

68.7

Bulgaria

32.4

67.6

30.5

69.5

Czech Republic

26.5

73.5

29.2

70.8

Denmark

20.8

79.2

24.3

75.7

Germany

27.0

73.0

27.4

72.6

Estonia

34.2

65.8

33.4

66.6

Ireland

27.3

72.7

30.2

69.8

Greece

24.7

75.3

26.8

73.2

Spain

32.3

67.7

31.8

68.2

France

35.6

64.4

38.5

61.5

Italy

17.8

82.2

32.9

67.1

Cyprus

19.4

80.6

16.1

83.9

Latvia

37.7

62.3

40.6

59.4

Lithuania

46.7

53.3

40.7

59.3

Luxembourg

30.5

69.5

25.9

74.1

Hungary

35.2

64.8

37.1

62.9

Malta

15.8

84.2

18.6

81.4

Netherlands

26.0

74.0

27.0

73.0

Austria

30.3

69.7

28.7

71.3

Poland

32.1

67.9

35.2

64.8

Portugal

30.8

69.2

33.1

66.9

Romania

-

-

31.1

68.9

Slovenia

31.8

68.2

33.4

66.6

Slovakia

31.2

68.8

27.7

72.3

Finland

27.7

72.3

29.5

70.5

Sweden

30.3

69.7

31.8

68.2

United Kingdom

31.0

69.0

34.8

65.2

Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS). (1) EU aggregate for 2001 is the value for EU-25 and not EU-27.

NB: Managers are persons classified in ISCO 12 and 13.

For MT and CY: data lack reliability due to small sample size

For IT: Change of data collection method. No data for RO in 2001.



Gender segregation in occupations and in economic sectors in EU Member States, in 2001 and 2006




Gender segregation in occupations

Gender segregation in economic sectors




2001

2006

2001

2006

Belgium

26.1

26.1

18.1

18.3

Bulgaria

27.0

28.7

17.5

19.6

Czech Republic

29.2

28.1

18.9

19.1

Denmark

28.1

27.8

19.0

19.4

Germany

27.0

26.5

18.2

18.2

Estonia

32.4

31.6

24.4

24.3

Ireland

26.7

26.8

20.7

22.7

Greece

21.5

22.4

15.4

15.9

Spain

24.9

27.1

19.3

20.4

France

26.6

26.6

17.4

18.1

Italy

21.9

23.7

15.2

17.8

Cyprus

29.5

29.3

17.5

19.6

Latvia

29.7

29.4

21.0

23.8

Lithuania

28.4

29.4

20.8

23.1

Luxembourg

26.8

26.4

19.6

18.3

Hungary

28.3

28.8

19.3

19.9

Malta

17.2

24.7

15.2

16.5

Netherlands

25.0

25.6

18.1

18.0

Austria

27.2

25.9

20.3

19.3

Poland

25.6

25.5

13.9

19.4

Portugal

26.3

26.5

21.2

20.4

Romania

11.8

22.8

13.8

15.5

Slovenia

26.8

26.8

17.4

17.8

Slovakia

31.2

29.9

22.8

22.8

Finland

29.6

29.0

21.9

22.7

Sweden

28.0

26.8

21.2

21.6

United Kingdom

26.8

25.6

18.8

18.6

Eurostat, Labour Force Survey (LFS) – Spring data. FR : Provisional value. Exception to the reference year for occupations: LU: 2005 (annual average)

Gender segregation in occupations is calculated as the average national share of employment for women and men applied to each occupation; differences are added up to produce the total amount of gender imbalance expressed as a proportion of total employment (ISCO classification). Gender segregation in sectors is calculated as the average national share of employment for women and men applied to each sector; differences are added up to produce the total amount of gender imbalance expressed as a proportion of total employment (NACE classification).



Employment rates of women and men (aged 25-49), depending on whether they have children (under 12) – 2006




Without children

With children

Difference




Women

Men

Women

Men

Women

Men

EU-27

76.0

80.8

62.4

91.4

-13.6

10.6

Belgium

75.5

81.7

69.3

92.2

-6.2

10.5

Bulgaria

74.7

76.6

61.5

81.2

-13.2

4.7

Czech Republic

83.2

87.1

53.4

93.9

-29.8

6.8

Germany

80.3

80.6

62.7

91.4

-17.6

10.8

Estonia

82.7

86.9

66.7

92.4

-16.0

5.5

Greece

64.1

82.5

57.0

96.8

-7.0

14.3

Spain

75.5

84.3

58.8

93.2

-16.7

8.8

France

73.7

76.6

65.9

91.1

-7.7

14.4

Italy

66.7

80.7

54.6

93.8

-12.1

13.1

Cyprus

82.1

87.8

70.8

95.7

-11.3

7.8

Latvia

82.1

80.9

68.4

91.2

-13.7

10.3

Lithuania

81.5

78.9

77.2

89.7

-4.3

10.7

Luxembourg

80.2

90.3

65.0

95.7

-15.3

5.5

Hungary

76.1

79.1

49.8

86.1

-26.3

7.0

Malta

68.7

88.6

32.6

94.0

-36.1

5.3

Netherlands

83.8

87.9

72.7

94.5

-11.2

6.6

Austria

83.6

87.7

68.5

92.9

-15.1

5.3

Poland

69.9

71.5

60.8

88.0

-9.2

16.5

Portugal

77.3

82.7

76.4

94.2

-0.9

11.5

Romania

70.7

76.9

66.3

85.4

-4.3

8.6

Slovenia

77.1

82.7

84.8

95.3

7.8

12.6

Slovakia

79.0

79.5

54.2

88.2

-24.8

8.7

Finland

78.9

79.5

70.6

92.7

-8.3

13.2

United Kingdom

82.9

84.1

63.1

91.0

-19.8

6.8

Source : Eurostat, European Labour Force Survey, annual averages.

Notes: No data for DK, IE and SE.



At-risk-of-poverty rate after social transfers for older people (women and men aged 65 years and over) in EU Member States – 2004




Women

Men

EU-27

21

16

Belgium

22

20

Bulgaria

23

5

Czech Republic

7

2

Denmark

18

17

Germany

18

12

Estonia

26

10

Ireland

36

30

Greece

30

25

Spain

32

26

France

18

15

Italy

25

19

Cyprus

53

47

Latvia

26

12

Lithuania

22

6

Luxembourg

5

9

Hungary

8

4

Malta

17

16

Netherlands

6

5

Austria

17

10

Poland

9

5

Portugal

28

28

Romania

21

12

Slovenia

26

11

Slovakia

10

3

Finland

23

11

Sweden

14

6

United Kingdom

29

24

Source: Eurostat. SILC and national sources.

NB: 1) At risk of poverty rate for elderly persons: The share of persons aged 65+ with an income below the risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60% of the national median income. Income must be understood as equivalised disposable income (sum from all sources, adjusted for household size and composition). It should be noted that the risk-of-poverty indicator is computed using an income definition which does not yet include imputed rent of owner-occupiers. Comparisons between genders are based on the assumption of equal sharing of resources within households. Source: EU-25 : SILC(2005) Income data 2004. BG: National HBS 2004, income data 2004 and RO National HBS 2005, income data 2005. Exception to the income reference period : UK: income year 2005 and IE: moving income reference period (2004-2005). EU aggregates are computed as population weighted averages of national values.



Indicators for the candidate countries in 2006




Turkey

Croatia

FYROM




Women

Men

Gap

Women

Men

Gap

Women

Men

Gap

Activity rate (15-64) (1)

26.1

74.4

48.3

56.9

68.9

12.0

43.2

64.9

21.7

Employment rate (15-64) (2)

23.9

68.1

44.2

49.4

62.0

12.6

30.7

48.3

17.6

Employment rate (of people aged 20-49) with/without children <12

22.3/40.8

88/76.4

-

65.8/68.9

86/73.6

-

:

:

:

Employment rate of older workers (55-64) (3)

16.7

44.1

27.4

25.7

44.4

18.7

17

36

19

Unemployment rate (2)

8.4

8.4

0

12.7

9.8

-2.9

37.2

35.3

-1.9

Unemployment on population 15-24 (4)

3.9

8

4.1

9.8

10.9

1.1

20.2

21.1

0.9

Share of part-time workers

17.8

4.4

-13.4

11.7

7.5

-4.2

:

:

:

Share of employees with temporary contracts

13.1

13.3

0.2

12.6

13.1

0.5

:

:

:

Educational attainment (upper secondary school, 20-24) (5)

51.7

38.9

12.8

94.9

92.8

2.1

:

:

:

Life long learning (5)

2.4

1.6

0.8

2.1

2.0

0.1

:

:

:

Share of members of national parliaments (6)

3

97

-

22

78

-

27.5

72.5

-

Share among managers

7.8

92.2

-

25.6

74.4

-

:

:

:

Source: LFS 2006. For FYROM: other sources indicated below.

The gender gap is always calculated as the value for men minus the value for women.

(1) For FYROM, the reference year is 2004 and the source is Labour Force Survey 2005, Basic – Republic of Macedonia, State Statistical Office. It should be noted that the activity rate is calculated among all persons older than 15 (and not 15-64).

(2) For FYROM, the source is the FYROM 2007 Progress report (SEC(2007)1432).

(3) For FYROM, the reference year is 2004 and the source is DG EMPL's estimate based on Labour Force Survey 2005, Basic – Republic of Macedonia, State Statistical Office.

(4) For FYROM, the reference year is 2004 and the source is Labour Force Survey 2005, Basic – Republic of Macedonia, State Statistical Office.

(5) Exception to the reference year: Croatia: 2005

(6) Source: European Commission, Employment, Social affairs and Equal opportunities DG, Database on Women and Men in Decision making, except for FYROM where the source is the FYROM 2007 Progress report (SEC(2007)1432).



1COM(2007) 359

2COM(2001) 313

3COM(2006) 92

4SEC(2007) 537

5SEC(2006) 1245

6http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/social_dialogue/consultations_en.htm

7COM(2007) 244

8Директива 2002/73/EО на Европейския парламент и на Съвета от 23 септември 2002 г. за изменение на Директива 76/207/ЕИО на Съвета за прилагането на принципа на равно третиране на мъжете и жените по отношение на достъпа до заетост, професионално обучение и повишаване, и условията на труд.

9COM(2007) 424

10COM(2007) 359

11Решение на Съвета от 30.5.2007 г. (2007/C 128/02) и на Комисията от 30.4.2007 г.

12Тази тема бе подчертана по време на неофициалната среща на министрите, отговарящи за въпросите на равенството, проведена през октомври 2007 г. в рамките на португалското председателство на Съвета.

13Съчетаването на професионалния и личния живот е сред приоритетните теми, посочени в декларацията на председателската тройка за равенството на половете в ЕС, приета в края на неофициалната среща на министрите, отговарящи за равенството, проведена през май 2007 г. в рамките на германското председателство на Съвета.

14COM(2007) 620

15Обхващане на 33 % от децата на възраст от 0 до 3 години и на 90 % от децата на задължителна училищна възраст до 2010 г.

16http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/gender_equality/docs/2007/manual_gend_mainstr_en.pdf

BG BG

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