4.1 Оценка на Европейския план за действие за енергийна ефективност (ЕПДЕЕ)
Както бе предвидено в този План за действие от 2006 г., през 2009 г. Комисията ще го оцени, а освен това, съгласно изискване на Европейския съвет, ще подготви преработен План за действие. Изходните точки в това отношение следва да са потенциалите за енергоспестяване и икономическата ефективност на инструментите за прилагане на политиката. Следва да бъде анализирано законодателството на ЕС в областта на енергийната ефективност. Енергийната ефективност трябва да бъде изцяло интегрирана в по-широката енергийна политика, като по-специално това се отнася за Пакета от документи на ЕС по отношение на енергетиката и климата, с неговите динамични политически линии по отношение на емисиите на CO2 и използването на възобновяеми енергийни източници. Планът за действие ще продължи да допълва Схемата за търговия с емисии. Неговите цели ще трябва да са по-амбициозни както за периода до 2020 г., така и в по-дългосрочен период — до 2030 г. и 2050 г. Предварително условие в това отношение е да съществува общоприета система за верификация или измерване на енергоспестяванията34, както и да се извършват правилни оценки на въздействието.
Планът ще бъде насочен към секторите на производството, преноса и потреблението на енергия. Ще продължи засиленото внимание по отношение на сградния сектор — защото с увеличението на населението на големите градове този сектор естествено ще дава възможност за подобряване на ефективността. Спогодбата с кметове и подобни на нея мрежови организации, обхващащи големите градове, ще имат ключово значение за осъществяването на тези амбиции. Също така, големите градове предоставят възможности за подобряване на ефективността на градския транспорт и за използване на електрически автомобили. Като се има предвид, че 23% от общите емисии на CO2 идват от автомобилния транспорт35, голямо предизвикателство представлява също така намалението на специфичната енергийна интензивност и на специфичните емисии на автомобилите. Информационните и комуникационните технологии (ICT) също заслужават специално внимание, тъй като основаващите се на тези технологии решения могат да дадат възможност, наред с други неща, за непрекъснато наблюдение, контрол и автоматично управление на потреблението на енергия и да осигурят информация за потребителите в реално време за тяхното енергопотребление и дори за съответните разходи. В началото на следващата година Комисията ще представи Съобщение и Препоръка, в които ще бъдат определени конкретните действия, необходими за преодоляване на бариерите и за използване на пълния потенциал на информационните и комуникационните технологии за по-ефективно използване на енергията.
4.2 Международни отношения
Общността осъществява обмен с трети страни на възгледи и най-добри практики в областта на енергийната ефективност. На двустранна основа това се осъществява чрез диалози с Бразилия, Китай, Индия, Русия, САЩ, като също така енергийната ефективност заема видно място и в контекста на присъединяващите се страни и на Европейската политика за добросъседство. В регионално отношение, въздействие по този въпрос се осъществява например чрез Европейско — Средиземноморското енергийно сътрудничество, Процеса от Баку с партньори от Източна Европа, Кавказ и Централна Азия, както и в рамките на Енергийното партньорство Африка-ЕС. В областта на многостранното сътрудничество, създаването на Международно партньорство за сътрудничество в областта на енергийната ефективност (IPEEC) бе утвърдено през миналия месец юни от Г8 и от Общността36. Процесът за диалог от Хайлигендам е подобна структура, създадена от Г8. Общността е подписала Протокола към Енергийната харта относно енергийната ефективност и съответните екологични въпроси.
5.Заключение
Енергията и нейната употреба имат въздействие върху всички нас. Енергийната ефективност способства за борба с изменението на климата, подобрява сигурността на енергийните доставки, допринася за постигане на целите по Лисабонската стратегия и намалява разходите за всички граждани на ЕС.
Осъществяването на подобрения на енергийната ефективност и постигането на целта за минимум 20% енергоспестяване продължават да бъдат приоритет и обща цел на Европейската общност. Следва да бъдат увеличени усилията за прилагане на тази политика — по-специално чрез Националните планове за действие, а също така инициативите от настоящия пакет от документи трябва да бъдат бързо прокарвани през законодателния процес. Предложените мерки, заедно с финансовите стимули, енергийното данъчно облагане и увеличаващото се осъзнаване на тези въпроси ще доведат до постигането на постоянни и конкретни резултати.
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 1
Expected annual primary energy saving potential by 2020 for EU27 for some specific Energy Efficiency measures (full implementation)
|
Measures
|
Yearly primary energy savings by 2020 compared to 'business as usual' scenario
in Mtoe
|
Yearly primary energy savings by 2020 compared to 'business as usual' scenario
in %
|
Reference document37
|
1
|
energy services Dir 2006/32/EC
|
Max 193
|
Max 9.8%
|
COM(2008)11
|
2
|
eco-design Dir 2005/32/EC (appliances) and labelling framework Dir 92/75/EC
energy star agreement with USA
|
96
2
|
4.9%
0.1%
|
EuP preparatory studies
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/demand/legislation/eco_design_en.htm#consultation_forum
|
3
|
buildings Dir 2002/91/EC
|
130
|
6.6%
|
SEC(2006)1174
|
4
|
cogeneration Dir 2004/8/EC
|
23
|
1.2%
|
COM(2002)415
|
5
|
fuel efficiency in road vehicles - CO2&cars –public procurement
|
36
|
1.9%
|
COM(2007)856 & SEC(2007)1723 COM(2007)817
|
6
|
car fuel efficiency labelling Dir 1999/94/EC
|
|
|
|
7
|
tyres measures (total)
a) tyre rolling resistance - labelling scheme - max requirements
b) tyre pressure monitoring system
|
13
|
0.7%
|
SEC(2006)1174
SEC(2007)1723
SEC(2007)1723
|
8
|
urban transport - integrated approach
|
20
|
1.1%
|
Policy assessment of the CIVITAS initiative
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL GROSS
|
Max 513
|
Max 26.3%
|
|
|
TOTAL NET (applying a 0,5 factor to take out double-counting of savings and take into account the witnessed implementation speed)
|
256
|
13%
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
OBJECTIVE EU27 in 2020
|
394
|
20%
|
|
|
PRIMES 'business as usual' baseline projections (update 2007) in 2020 - EU27 TOTAL primary energy = 1968 Mtoe
|
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 2
Energy saving potentials by final energy consuming sector and key drivers, actors and barriers for energy efficiency improvements
Sector
|
Share in final energy cons. (2006)
|
Saving potential by 202038
|
Key drivers for energy efficiency
|
Key barriers
|
Key actors
|
All sectors
|
100%
|
21 %
| -
Energy policies
-
Market forces - energy prices
-
Financing and taxation
-
Awareness
-
Technological development
| -
Incomplete implementation of energy efficiency legislation
-
Lack of awareness
-
Market failures
| |
Households and commercial buildings
|
41%
|
30%
| -
EU and national/regional legal requirements
-
Technological developments
-
Financial and fiscal incentives
-
Energy services Companies
-
Information instruments (e.g. labelling, certificates, metering, campaigns)
-
Behaviour trends
| -
High up-front costs
-
Owner-tenant dilemma
-
Lack of awareness on the benefits
-
Overestimation of the investment needs
-
No access to attractive financing options
-
Energy efficiency not recognized as business opportunity
| -
Property owners and tenants
-
Construction business
-
Financial institutions
-
Consumer associations
-
National/local authorities
-
EU institutions
|
Transport
|
31%
|
20%
| -
EU and national/regional legal requirements
-
Consumer awareness
-
Information campaigns
-
Labelling
-
High energy prices
| -
High energy prices
-
Lack of information
-
Limited commitment from transport industry
-
Insufficient infrastructure (e.g. poor urban planning, limited public transport)
-
Behaviour patterns
| -
Transport companies
-
Associations
-
Citizens
-
National/local authorities
-
European institutions
|
Industry
|
28%
|
19%
| -
High energy and carbon prices
-
Voluntary and mandatory agreements
-
Improved energy efficiency of production processes
| -
High up-front costs
-
Limited commitment
-
Low awareness of the benefits
-
Overestimation of the investment needs
-
Lack of financing
-
Low share of energy in production costs
| -
Companies
-
Industry associations
-
National/local authorities
-
European institutions
|
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 3
Assessment of the National Energy Efficiency Action Plans
This Annex gives a concise summary of the assessment of the National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs) submitted by all Member States under Directive 2006/32/EC39.
Background
In accordance with Article 14 (2) of the Directive, Member States were required to submit their first NEEAPs to the Commission not later than 30 June 2007.
For the purpose of the first NEEAP, each Member State should have adopted an overall national indicative savings target of 9% or higher40, to be achieved in 2016, and an intermediate national indicative savings target for 2010. NEEAPs are intended to set out the national strategies of Member States towards the overall and intermediate national indicative targets. Member States should show, in particular, how they intend to comply with the Directive's provisions on the exemplary role of the public sector and the provision of information and advice on energy efficiency to end users.
The first NEEAPs should stimulate the translation of energy saving objectives into concrete and coherent measures and actions at the level of each Member State and set implementation milestones. The plans should trigger an exchange of experience between the Member States and create a dialogue between the Commission and Member States. Subsequent implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the strategies and the measures identified, complemented by benchmarking and a ‘peer review’ process at European level, should help Member States learn from the successes and mistakes of others and should facilitate the diffusion of best practices throughout the EU.
Assessment of the NEEAPs
The first NEEAPs propose a wide diversity of policy packages and measures targeting different end-use sectors. Many NEEAPs demonstrate coherent and comprehensive strategies towards the intermediate and overall targets, backed by institutional and financial provisions. A number of NEEAPs clearly identify their priority end-use sectors or policy tools.
In contrast, some NEEAPs show piecemeal thinking with a scattering of fragmented energy efficiency measures. The absence, or sporadic indication of savings estimates in the majority of NEEAPs, along with the mostly limited degree of detail about assumptions made in estimating savings from different measures, have impeded the quantitative assessment of the NEEAPs and how realistic they are. In addition, for several Member States there is a considerable gap between the political commitment to energy efficiency and the measures adopted or planned, as reported in the NEEAPs, and the resources attributed to preparing it.
Almost all Member States have introduced 9% national indicative energy savings target for 2016 calculated in line with Annex I of the Directive. Some Member States have committed to targets that exceed 9%: Italy 9.6%, Cyprus 10%, Lithuania 11%, and Romania 13.5%. This is very positive. Other Member States have indicated that they expect savings from measures to go beyond 9% without committing to the higher target (Luxembourg 10.4%, Ireland 12.5% and the United Kingdom 18%). A number of Member States indicate that the NEEAPs form part of their strategy to reach the 20% reduction in energy demand by 2020, among them Austria, Ireland and Sweden. A few Member States fail to comply with some provisions related to the setting of national indicative savings targets. Non-conformity is related in particular to the calculation methodology set out in Annex I and to the 2008-2016 timeframe.
Ongoing measures that qualify as "early action"41 dominate the majority of NEEAPs and some Member States indicate stricter interpretation of such early actions. Some Member States explicitly indicate the share of savings from early action. In contrast, the NEEAPs of some Member States such as Estonia, Latvia and Poland rely extensively on new measures, though it is difficult to assess whether certain Member States will be able to deliver in accordance with their strategies given the brief descriptions of measures and the absence of saving estimates.
Measures in the buildings sector, especially residential buildings, have been at the heart of most NEEAPs. Numerous measures target refurbishment of existing buildings. Some Member States declare ambitious strengthening of building codes and support passive or low-energy house buildings. With varying degrees of detail, almost all NEEAPs also include measures in the tertiary, transport and industrial sectors However, as regards agriculture, the only NEEAPs to include measures specific to this sector are from Latvia, the Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. Some NEEAPs have included measures that fall outside the scope of the Directive. Most commonly these include fuel switch and power generation, including large Combined Heat and Power installations, biomass district heating, network loss reduction, biofuels, measures in international transport, and measures that have some impact on the Emission Trading Scheme.
In addition, many of the NEEAPs include a number of promising horizontal measures. The majority of the NEEAPs propose a range of measures to fulfil the provisions regarding the exemplary role to be played by the public sector, but some Plans contain little or no information in this regard. However, few NEEAPs demonstrate good strategies for communicating the exemplary role of the public sector. Public procurement is a key element in capturing the power of the public purse for energy efficiency and the majority of NEEAPs contain public procurement measures. However, it is not always clear if these measures contain concrete requirements, as called for in Annex VI of the Directive, and exactly how these would be met.
Most Member States have introduced a variety of information measures. These range from measures aimed at altering general public behaviour, such as public awareness raising campaigns, public training and education, advice on energy use and general information sources like web tools and publications, to measures that target business entities. The latter comprise sector-focussed information campaigns, trainings for professionals, energy audits and energy efficiency publications for professional stakeholders.
A number of NEEAPs provide good examples of best practices and innovative measures with a strong set of diverse information measures that target the general public and businesses.
Conclusions
The analysis of the NEEAPs has shown that many Member States already recognised that with an integrated approach these national plans can become the key tool not only for the effective implementation of Directive 2006/32/EC, but also for the real push to achieving energy savings which go beyond obligations arising from the current EU legislation on end-use energy efficiency. The Commission recognises the great potential that NEEAPs could play to help with getting better focus and streamlining of Member States' policy, legal and support actions to help their citizens and all local market actors save energy in a cost-effective way, thus reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, increasing the competitiveness of European businesses and improving energy security of the EU. Given the growing importance of energy saving to energy security and sustainable development of the EU, the Commission would welcome Member States taking the initiative to further improve their current NEEAPs (eg. add/improve measures for important areas/sectors not sufficiently covered in their current plans, provide further details of planned actions, etc).
Lessons for the future
The current NEEAPs could play a more important role. National plans will only be effective when they stand for real action: it should set a quantitative, measurable target with a time schedule and concrete steps on who is doing what and the budgetary and human resources available. National plans should require the competent national authorities to work together. Administrative structures should be in place with a clear division of responsibilities. Member States should also ensure that sufficient resources are made available for the promotion of energy efficiency services, information provision and monitoring.
Also ideally, the EU's Efficiency Action Plan could be linked more closely to the national efficiency plans and the latter could take into account longer term time horizons (eg. 2020, 2030) and more ambitious targets that are agreed to by the Member States at EU level. Integration with other reporting obligations, especially those related to climate protection - e.g. alignment of reporting periods, streamlined methodologies on calculation of energy savings and reduction of CO2 emissions - would reduce the reporting burden already carried by the Member States.
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