Rasho Rashev Introduction Рашо Рашев Увод н и дум и Christina Angelova, Mark. Stefanovich Henrieta Todorova Христина Ангелова, Марк Стефанович Хенриета Тодорова Кратка биография

— The S-profïled pots are most numerous in Sozopol — with a wide funncled mouth, short neck and spherical body lying on a Fiat and large bottoni. The lower third of some samples is ta-pered and roughed, the bottoni being of small diameter. A particular characteristic is the sur­face décoration of these vessels by diagonali)' thin strips with a sharp upper edge and buttons at the ends. This décoration could be viewed as an imitation of dragging the fingers or a very wide channel. The lower vessel part is often pro-vided with four tong-like handles, linked to the bottom by vertically strips (Fig. 5c, 5e);

— Two round bottom vessels deserve a par­ticular attention. The First one is a bowl with small ring shaped handle, having an appendix at the down side, fixed to the mouth. Finely crushed shells can be observed in this vessel's clay. The small vessel has a graphite décoration consisting of thin diagonal lines (Fig. 4a).

The other round bottomed vessel is a pot provided with two little ring shaped handles, decorateci by diagonal Scratches and lias two buttons on the body (Fig. 4 b).

— A décoration drawn with graphite is sel-dom présent. The graphite décoration is applied on large dishes or small bowls. It is performed with thin lines, organized in sheaves, forming a negative composition (Fig. 8 g).

A few fragments are decorated by thin lines of semi transparent white paint, easy to be washed out. Others ones have a red thick non-fired paint. The allégations in some preliminary communications that this last two type of déco­rations are typical for the Eneolithic Sozopol pottery are not true. On the contrary, although very specific, the thick red and the white draw-ings are very seldom met. However, it is possi­ble they have been more numerous, but this is not visible any more because the paint has been washed or stripped oui.

Some fragments of large pots lower parts bear black flown spots. They could be either an intended décoration or remains from the ves­sels use.

The incised décoration is présent too. It is consisting of lines sheaves, shaping Ornaments of spiral-meander type (Fig. 6c). There is also a version of incised line décoration with triangu­lar sharp punctures. Some of the incised lines are white encrusted.

It is to be pointed out that the rich and di-versified Kerbschnitt décoration characteristic for the Varna culture is totally missing in Sozo­pol (Todorova/Tonôeva 1975; Tojopoba 1986, 119-121).

All above said leads to the following conclu­sion about the Sozopol ceramic complex:

— The shapes and the décorations do not allow relating it to some of the known three Varna culture phases;

— The comparison to theThracian late Ene­olithic settlements materials also shows consid­erable différences in the shapes. No vessels are présent with two vertical or horizontal handles, particularly characteristic for the Thracian tell Eneolithic end (Mazanova 1992, Taf. I, IV-V; Todorova, N.. 2003, Tabi. 1—5, 8—9, 12; To­dorova, N., et ali 2003, Tabi. 8; Todorova, N./ Matsanova 2000, Fig. 26.4—26.7, Tabi. 26.4— 26.9);

— Several features: the white painting, the thick red paint, the "Scratches" décoration, some shapes and the présence of crushed shells in the clay allow to date the Sozopol complex after the last Eneolithic horizons of the tells in Thracia and even after the last phase of Krivodol culture (Георгиева 1987; Georgieva 1988; Georgieva 1993; Doodd-Opritescu 1982, 71; Абрамова 1992; Абрамова 1992а; Николов 1975; Николов 1984).

— It is very important to note that the So­zopol ceramics, although possessing several specific features and particularities, may by no means be separated from the late Eneolithic complex to which they no doubt belong. Their spécifies can be explained by the settlement géographie location and by chronological rea-sons. The dating of the Sozopol settlement at the final Eneolithic, proposed by V. Draganov, is quite acceptable. I estimate to be correct also detei mining the Sozopol settlement as belong-ing to the Varna culture IV stage (Draganov 1998, 218).

However the thorough characteristic of this final Eneolithic phase of the Varna culture could only be proposed after the complete pub­lication of the Sozopol finds and about those from the other submerged settlements along the Bulgarian south Black Sea coast: Ahtopol (?), Ropotamo river, Atia, the Fish haibour in Bourgas. So far this late IV phase of the Varna culture is not displayed within the materials from the submerged settlements around the Varna lakes (Todorova/Tonceva 1975).

The bone spoon, examinée! in the présent communication, is an important indication about the synchronism of the final eneolithic Sozopol settlement with the horizon of the stone seepters. This assumption once made, we may propose to synchronize the zoomor­phic seepters with the final Eneolithic of the Bulgarian South Black Sea coast, at least those of the Govedarica/Kaiser type A. This way the type A zoomorphic seepters could be referred to the period 3850—3750 cal. BC. We propose this dating on the basis of the series ^MC dates from Krivodol, Telis and the Jagodinska cave, matched in addition with the observations on the Sozopol ceramics typology. Several indica­tions push me to evalúate it to be a little later than the mentioned sites (BojADpEV etal. 1993, 63; Görsdorf/Bojadziev 1996, 152—155).

The présence of a zoomorphic figure of the seepters type on an site from a Final Eneolithic settlement sets a question mark upon a theory that the collapse of the Eneolithic cultures on the Balkan Peninsula allegedly to be resulting directly from a destructive invasion into the pe­ninsula by nomad populations from the South Russian steppes (Тодорова 1986, 221—227; Дергачев 2000; Манзура 2000; Мерперт 1980; Escedy 1982).

As far as the Sozopol settlement at least is concerned, it could be stateci that here no doubt we observe a late manifestation of a sterling Eneolithic culture, having integrateci in many of its features also éléments of possibly steppes origin.

Acknowledgments

First of all, I am thankful to my teacher Prof. H. Todorova who has been guiding me in prehistoric archeology more than fifteen years. I deeply acknowledge and thank all my

colleagues from the Center of Underwater Ar-chaeology in Sozopol who always supported me - Chr. Angelova, V. Draganov. G. Jeleva and P.

Petrov. I express my special thanks to G. Ka-zarov who made the drawings for this commu­nication.

Références

Die kupferezeitliche Siedlung Tiszalüc-Sarkad

Die intensive Efrorschung der Kupferzeit in der Tiefebene des Karpatenbeckens (Alföld) hat seit 80 Jahren einen Ziemlich einseitigen Ver­lauft. Gräberfelder der frühkupferzeitlichen Tiszapolgar - und hochkupferzeitlichen Bo-drogekeresztür-Kultur wurden einer nach dem anderen vollständig oder teilweise aufgedeckt¹. Doch zur selben Zeit wurde die Erforschung der Siedlungen vernachlässigt. Wo doch die Spuren solcher zum Vorschein gekommen sind, wurden nur kleinere Teile davon freigelegt, die über ihre Ausdehnung, Form, Struktur, Größe der Häuser etc. keine Vorstellung geben konn­ten².