L’aspirisouffle
Flight of fancy
Ако можехме да летим
Jean-Pierre Petit
Jean-Pierre Petit
Жан-Пиер Пети
Traduit par :
Translated by :
Превод : Елена Ст. Владова
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2
…vous comprenez, sans le frottement de l’air, l’écoulement autour du profil serait tout à fait différent et ne donnerait pas de portance…
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...не разбирате ли, че без триенето на въздуха, потокът около крилата щеше да е съвсем различен и нямаше да се създаде подемна сила...
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3
PROLOGUE :
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PROLOGUE :
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ПРОЛОГ:
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Un matin, Anselme Lanturlu se réveilla d’humeur fort maussade.
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One morning, Archibald Higgins woke up in a rotten mood…
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Една сутрин Анселм Лантурлу се събуди в много лошо настроение...
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Ouh là là…
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Yuk!
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Ох-ох!
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Février 16
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16 февруари
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Dimanche, lundi, mardi, mercredi, jeudi…
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Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday…
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Неделя, понеделник, вторник, сряда, четвъртък...
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Vendredi, samedi, dimanche…et ça recommence. Quelle banalité !
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Friday, Saturday, Sunday. And then it starts all over again. Boring isn’t it?
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Петък, събота, неделя... и всичко започва отначало. Какво еднообразие!
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Evidemment…ma tartine…sur le côté beurré !
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I’m not surprised. The buttered side, no doubt.
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И, естествено, филията ми падна с намазаната страна надолу!
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4
Anselme se sentait triste et vide. La terre était plate comme jamais. Les jours se ressemblaient comme des gouttes de pluie…
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Archie felt sad and empty. Even the earth was flat. The days trickled past like raindrops down a window-pane…
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Анселм се чувстваше тъжен и опустошен. Земята както винаги бе плоска. Дните си приличаха като дъждовни капки...
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Max, où est max ?
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Max. Where’s max ?
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А Макс? Къде е Макс?
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Il est là-haut. Quelle chance il a !
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He’s up there, the lucky fellow…
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Той е нависоко. Блазе му!
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MAX ! MOI AUSSI JE VEUX VOLER !
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MAX ! I WANT TO FLY TOO !
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МАКС, И АЗ ИСКАМ ДА ЛЕТЯ!
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5
Voler ? Grands dieux !
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You? Fly? Good heavens!
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Да летиш ли? О, Боже!
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Max, tu vas m’apprendre à voler. On trouvera bien un moyen. J’en ai assez de ramper sur cette planète !
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Max – You’ve got to teach me to fly. Just a little bit. It’s getting me down, stuck on the ground like this.
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Макс, ти ще ме научиш да летя. Ще намерим начин. Омръзна ми да пъпля по тази планета!
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Regarde, je lève un pied. Et si je relève le second assez vite, peut-être que je…
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Look – I can lift one foot. If I lift the other one quickly enough, maybe I can…
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Виж – вдигам единия си крак и ако достатъчно бързо вдигна и другия, може би ще мога да...
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Ça doit être tout cet air qui pèse sur les épaules
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It must have been the weight of all that air, pushing me back down again.
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Сигурно въздухът ми тежи на плещите.
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Au contraire ! La poussée d’Archimède diminue ton poids de quatre-vingts grammes.
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Quite the contrary, old boy! According to Archimedes’ principle, the air pressure actually reduces your weight by 80 grams.
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Точно обратното! Натискът на Архимедовата сила намалява тежестта ти с 80 грама.
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6
IL ETAIT UNE FOIS ARCHIMEDE
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ONCE UPON A TIME THERE WAS A MAN CALLED ARCHIMEDES
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ИМАЛО ЕДНО ВРЕМЕ ЕДИН МЪЖ НА ИМЕ АРХИМЕД
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Tu veux dire que, quand je me pèse, la balance n’indique pas mon vrai poids à cause de la poussée d’Archimède ?
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You mean to tell me that when I weigh myself, the machine doesn’t give my true weight – because of air pressure?
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Искаш да кажеш, че когато се тегля, кантарът не показва истинското ми тегло заради Архимедовата сила?
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Exact, tu pèses en fait 80 grammes de plus.
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Precisely. You actually weigh 80 grams more.
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Точно така. Всъщност ти тежиш с 80 грама повече.
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Le principe d’Archimède…on en parle…on en parle…mais qu’est-ce que c’est au juste ?
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Hmm… Archimedes’ principle. I’ve heard the words often enough – but what is it really?
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Принципът на Архимед... Говорят за него... Говорят... А какъв е всъщност той?
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Forces agissant sur un disque plongé dans un fluide :
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Forces acting a disc immersed in a fluid:
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Сили, действащи върху диск, потопен в течност:
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Imagine un disque plongé dans l’atmosphère. La colonne d’air qui est au dessus, pèse sur sa face supérieure. Plus cette colonne d’air est haute, plus cette force est importante.
Mais si le disque est infiniment mince, une force de pression, égale et opposée, s’exerce sur sa face inférieure et la somme des forces est nulle.
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Think of a disc sitting in the atmosphere. The entire column of air over the top pushes it downwards. But an equal and opposite force acts from underneath – so the two pressure forces cancel out. The “deeper” The disc is in the atmosphere, the greater these forces become…
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Представи си един диск, потопен в атмосферата. Въздушният стълб оказва натиск върху горната му повърхност. Колкото по-високо е въздушната колона, толкова повече въздейства силата. Но ако дискът е изключително тънък, то сборът от силите, които действат на горната и долната повърхност, е равен на нула.
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7
Imagine maintenant un cylindre. La pression sur sa base est plus forte que sur la partie supérieure et la différence correspond au poids d’un cylindre d’air équivalent. Les forces latérales ne jouent pas, car elles s’annulent deux à deux.
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Now think of a cylinder. The upward pressure on its base is greater than the downwards pressure at the top. The difference is the weight of a column of air whose volume is that of the cylinder. The sideways forces have no effect – They cancel out in pairs.
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А сега си представи един цилиндър. Натискът върху основата е по-силен, отколкото върху повърхността и разликата съответства на тежестта на един въздушен цилиндър. Страничните сили не въздействат, защото се уровновесяват една с друга.
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= Force d’Archimède
= poids du volume d’air déplacé.
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= Archimedean Force
= weight of air displaced
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↑+ ↓= Архимедова сила
= обем на изместения въздух
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Les 80 grammes de tout à l’heure, c’est le poids de l’air que je déplace. Vu !...
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So those 80 grams you were rambling on about are how much air I displace. Of course!
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Винаги 80 грама – това е обемът на въздуха, който пренасям.
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Les forces d’Archimède jouent un rôle important dans la nature :
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Archimedean forces play an important role in nature:
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Архимедовите сили играят важна роля в природата:
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COURANTS DE CONVECTION
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CONVECTION CURRENTS
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КОНВЕКТИВНИ ПОТОЦИ
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Quatre-vingts grammes…c’est pas avec ça qu’on s’envole…
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80 grams… I’ll never get off the ground with that…
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Осемдесет грама... С толкова не можеш да излетиш...
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Je vais me faire du thé
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I think I’ll make some tea…
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Ще си направя чай.
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Avec quoi est-ce que je vais faire chauffer l’eau ? Si j’utilisais ce radiateur parabolique ?
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That just leaves the grill. And even that’s only working on low power!
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А с какво ще си стопля вода? Дали да не използвам този нагревател?
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8
C’est rudement efficace, ça bout déjà !
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Good heaven’s! It’s working much better than I expected! It’s boiling already!
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Ето, че се получи. Вече завря!
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THÉ
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ЧАЙ
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Mais ce thé est complètement froid !!
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Hey – This tea is stone cold!
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Но този чай е леден!
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L’eau de la casserole aussi !!
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So is the water in the saucepan!
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Водата в съда също.
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Je n’ai pas eu la berlue. Cette eau était bouillante il y a une minute !
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I can’t believe my eyes! This water was boiling a minute ago!
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Не може да ми се е сторило. Преди минута тази вода вреше.
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Tu ne chauffes que la couche superficielle, et cette pellicule d’eau chaude, dilatée donc moins dense, flotte. C’est tout.
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Your grill only heats the top layer. And the film of hot water is less dense, so it floats. That’s all.
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Ти стопляш само горния слой и той плува на повърхността, защото не е толкова плътен. Това е.
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9
Eau chaude
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Hot water
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Топла вода.
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Eau froide
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Cold water
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Студена вода.
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En revanche, si on chauffe l’eau par-dessous, en ce point, cette eau, dilatée, donc moins dense, aura tendance à s’élever. Elle se refroidira à la surface, se contractera et redescendra à la périphérie. C’est la CONVECTION NATURELLE.
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On the other hand, if you heat the water from below it gets less dense, and rises in a column. When it reaches the top it cools, contracts, and descends again on the outside. This is NATURAL CONVECTION.
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Тъкмо обратното, ако топлим водата отдолу, ето така, тази вода, която увеличава обема си, тоест, намалява плътнността си, ще се издигне нагоре. Тя ще се охлади на повърхността, ще се свие и ще слезе отново надолу. Това е ЕСТЕСТВЕНА КОНВЕКЦИЯ.
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Dans l’atmosphère, le même phénomène se produit. Certains points du sol absorbent plus la chaleur du soleil. L’air, en ces points, se gorge d’humidité (plus il est chaud, plus il peut contenir d’eau à l’état de vapeur). Il se dilate par ailleurs et se met à monter.
En altitude, le refroidissement provoque la condensation de la vapeur d’eau en gouttelettes et on obtient un beau CUMULUS.
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The same thing occurs in the atmosphere. Warm air, laden with moisture, rises from a hot spot. When it cools, the vapor condenses, forming a nice CUMULUS CLOUD.
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В атмосферата се наблюдава същото явление. На някои места почвата приема повече слънчева топлина. Там въздухът е изпълнен с влага (колкото е по-топло, толкова повече вода може да се задържи във вид на пара). Той увеличава обема си и започва да се издига. На голяма височина охлаждането предизвиква кондензиране на водната пара в капки и се образува нещо като КЪЛБОВИДЕН ОБЛАК.
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Ce phénomène de brassage rend la température de l’air plus homogène. S’il n’existait pas, la température au sol atteindrait des centaines de degrés.
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This mixes the air and makes the temperature more evenly distributed. If it didn’t happen, the temperature on a sunny day would be hundreds of degrees.
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Това явление на разбъркване прави температурата на въздуха по-еднородна. Ако то не съществуваше, температурата на земната повърхност щеше да достига стотина градуса.
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En m’accrochant à une de ces bulles d’air chaud, je pourrai peut-être m’envoler un jour ?
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If I hitched myself to one of those lumps of warm air, maybe I’d be able to fly?
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point chaud
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гореща точка
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En m’accrochant à une de ces bulles d’air chaud, je pourrai peut-être m’envoler un jour
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Ако се кача на един от тези облаци с горещ въздух, може би един ден ще мога да излетя.
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Attention à vos pieds, bon sang !!
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Watch what you’re doing with those huge feet, you klutz!
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Гледай внимателно в краката си, моля!
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10
Qui parle ?
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You said That?
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Кой говори?
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Vous ne pourriez pas aller réfléchir ailleurs !
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Why don’t you do your thinking somewhere else, fathead?
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Не можете ли да размишлявате на друго място?
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Vous avez failli nous marcher dessus, bon sang !
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You’ve just stomped all over our anthill!
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Щяхте да ни стъпчете!
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Oh, pardon _____________________________________________________________________
Oh, sorry.
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О, извинете.
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Voler ? Comme si la vie n’était pas assez compliquée !
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Flying? As if life wasn’t complicated enough already!
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Искал да лети! Животът и без това е достатъчно сложен.
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D’abord, nos savants ont établi que c’était mathématiquement impossible !
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Anyway, our scientists have proved that it’s a mathematical impossibility!
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Освен това нашите учени са установили, че това е невъзможно!
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Et franchement, vous croyez qu’il n’y a pas des choses plus sérieuses à faire que…voler !
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Frankly, pal, don’t you reckon there are more important things than flying?
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Признайте си, не смятате ли, че можете да се занимавате с нещо по-сериозно, отколкото с... летене?
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N’importe quoi !...
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Hang on – That’s all I ever do!
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Е, това беше! ___________________________________________________________________
J’ai trouvé : je vais mettre une bulle d’air chaud dans une sorte d’enveloppe
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Eureka! I’ll put a lump of warm air in some sort of wrapping…
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Измислих – ще сложа топка горещ въздух в нещо като опаковка.
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11
LES PLUS LEGERS QUE L’AIR
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LIGHTER-THANT-AIR MACHINES
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ПО-ЛЕКИ ОТ ВЪЗДУХА
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Découper cette espèce de flamme de papier et rééditez l’opération dix fois.
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Cut this flame-shaped thing out of paper. Do it ten times.
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36 см
Срежете този хартиен обект с форма на факла и повторете операцията десет пъти.
50 см
28 см
12 см
7 см
50 см
environ 66 sm – около 66 см
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Quatre feuilles doubles de journal, assemblées à l’aide de ruban adhésif.
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Four sheets of newspaper, joined with sticky tape
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Четири двойни вестникарски страници, свързани с помощта на тиксо.
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Le secret des montgolfières :
Plus elles sont grandes, mieux elles marchent, Vous fabriquerez celle-ci avec 40 pages doubles d’un quotidien quelconque et du ruban adhésif transparent. Le patron est indiqué. L’appareil a été calculé de manière à pouvoir emporter un chat.
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The secret of hot-air balloons:
The bigger they are, the better they work. You can make this one with 40 sheets of newspaper and some sticky tape, following the instructions shown. The apparatus is designed to be capable of lifting a cat.
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Тайната на балоните с горещ въздух:
Колкото са по-големи, толкова по-добре летят. Можете да ги направите с 40 страници от който и да е вестник и прозрачно тиксо. Схемата е показана. Балонът е изчислен така, че да удържи котка.
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Ça va pas ! Non !?!
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I hope I heard that wrong.
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Не, така няма да стане!
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12
Voici comment Anselme assemble son plus léger que l’air :
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Here’s how Archie put his hot-air balloon together…
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Ето как Анселм направи съоръжение, по-леко от въздуха.
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Je hais la physique !
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I HATE physics!
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МРАЗЯ физиката!
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Assassin !
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Murderer!
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Убиец!
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Chauffez avec un camping-gaz, en protégeant le papier à l’aide d’un tuyau de poêle. Ne chargez le chat qu’au dernier moment.
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Heat it using a camp-stove, protecting the paper with a length of metal pipe.
Don’t put the cat in until the last possible moment…
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Нагрейте с газов котлон, като пазите хартията с помощта на бурия. Котката сложете вътре в последния момент.
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13
Ce que je fais, aucun chat ne l’a jamais fait !
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Its five-year mission:
To boldly go where no cat has ever gone before!
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Никоя друга котка не е правила това, което правя аз!
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Rêve de papier…tout ceci ne mènera pas bien haut. Et puis, cette machine est le jouet des vents. Je ne peux pas la mener où je veux…
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All right for paper tigers, I suppose…but all the hot air in all the newspapers of the world won’t give me much of a lift…
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Мечта от хартия... Този балон няма да се издигне по-нависоко. Освен това той е играчка за ветровете. Не мога да го направлявам натам, накъдето искам...
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Le secret du vol, qu’est ce que c’est ?
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What is the secret of flight, Max?
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Коя е тайната на летенето?
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Dépêche-toi je fatigue !
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Buzz off, Archie! I’m worn out!
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Побързай, че се изморих!
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14
Rien à faire, ça ne marche pas.
Il y a quelque chose que je n’ai pas compris !
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No good, blast it! This won’t work.
I must have missed something…
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Какво да направя, не тръгва.
Има нещо, което не разбирам...
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Tsss…
Tsss…
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Oh dear.
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Хей...
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Anselme, pour voler, il faut d’abord que tu te familiarises avec la MECANIQUE DES FLUIDES.
Voler, ce n’est pas si simple !
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Archie – To ply, you have to know something about FLUID MECHANICS. It’s not as easy as you seem to imagine!
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Анселм, за да полетиш, първо трябвя да си на „ти” с МЕХАНИКАТА НА ФЛУИДИТЕ.
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Un fluide, c’est quoi au juste ?
C’est quelque chose qui s’écoule ?
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Fine – But what is a fluid? Is it just anything that flows?
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Какво точно е флуид? Нещо, което тече ли?
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Oui, si tu veux.
Mais c’est aussi plus complexe que tu ne le penses.
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Yes, if you like.
But even that is more complicated than you’d think.
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Да, може да се каже така. Но е по-сложно, отколкото си мислиш.
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15
Tiens !...
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O.K…
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Виж!
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Le sable, ça roule comme de l’eau.
Y aurait-il un rapport entre ces deux substances ?
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Sand flows the same as water. I wonder if there’s some kind of connection?
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Пясъкът също се стича като вода. Има ли нещо общо между двете субстанции?
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Sophie, est-ce que le principe d’Archimède marche avec le sable ?
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Sophie – Does Archimedes’ principle work for sand?
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Софи, можем ли да приложим Принципа на Архимед и за пясъка?
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Le sable est-il un fluide ?
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Is sand a fluid?
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Пясъкът флуид ли е?
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Tu n’as qu’à essayer !
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You’ve just got to try it!
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Опитай!
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LES FLUIDES
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FLUIDS
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ФЛУИДИ
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Voici deux objets : une pièce de monnaie et une balle de ping-pong. Si le sable est un fluide, selon le principe d’Archimède, ces objets, plongés dans le sable, recevront une poussée dirigée de bas en haut égale au poids du volume de sable déplacé.
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Right. So here’s a coin and a table-tennis ball, and a trough full of sand. If sand is a fluid, then Archimedes’ principle says that these objects, buried in sand, should be subject to a force, directed upwards, and equal to the weight of sand displaced.
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Ето два обекта – монета и топче за пинг-понг. Ако пясъкът е флуид, тогава според Принципа на Архимед, когато тези обекти попаднат в пясъка, ще изпитат сила на натиск отдолу нагоре, равна на обема на изтласквания пясък.
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Ah là là…
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Oh – oh!
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Я-а-а...
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16
J’ai enfin la balle et j’ai posé la pièce à la surface. Logiquement la pièce devrait descendre et la balle devrait remonter.
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I’ve buried the ball, and I’ve sat the coin on top. Logically, the coin ought to sink, and the ball ought to rise…
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Топчето го зарих в пясъка, а монетата е на повърхността. По пътя на логиката трябваше монетата да потъне, а топчето да се изкачи.
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Rien…
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Rats!!
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Нищо!
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C’est peut-être une question de temps…
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Perhaps it’s a matter of time…
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Може би е въпрос на време...
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Il est devenu complètement fou, votre copain ?
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‘as your mate gorn absolutely bonkers?
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Вашият приятел да не се побърка?
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Avec la physique, il faut se méfier
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You can never be too careful with physics.
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С физиката трябва да се внимава.
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Qu’est-ce qui m’a fichu une expérience pareille !
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What’s up with the silly thing?
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Ама че глупав експеримент!
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J’en ai assez !
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Throw physic to the dogs – I’ll none of it!! (*)
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Писна ми!
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17
Tiens, la balle est remontée à la surface
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Blimey! The ball’s floated to the top!
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Ей, виж – топчето пак излезе на повърхността.
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Et la pièce est au fond. En secouant le sable, Anselme a permis aux gains de se glisser les uns par rapport aux autres. Et le sable est devenu FLUIDE.
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And the coin was sunk to the bottom. When he shook the sand, Archie let the grains slide past each other and the sand became FLUID.
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А монетата е на дъното. Като размърда пясъка, Анселм позволи на песъчинките да се плъзгат една в друга и така пясъкът стана ФЛУИД.
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Sophie a dit que plus les grains étaient fins, plus le phénomène était rapide.
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Sophie says that the finer the grains are, the less time it will take.
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Софи каза, че колкото по-фини са частиците, толкова по-бързо се извършва явлението.
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Alors, un FLUIDE, c’est une sorte de sable avec des grains très fins qui peuvent glisser aisément les uns contre les autres !?!
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Oh. So a FLUID is a kind of sand with very fine grains, which can easily slide past each other?
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Значи ФЛУИДЪТ е вид пясък от много фини частици, които могат лесно да се плъзгат една в друга?
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Sophie nous a dit que c’est comme ça que Lucrèce, au 1er siècle avant Jésus-Christ avait eu l’intuition des ATOMES
(de natura reître)
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There’s more than a grain of truth in that. Sophie says it’s how Lucretius, in the 1st century A.D., got the idea of ATOMS. (De Natura Rerum)
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Софи ни каза, че точно така още в І век пр. Хр. Лукреций си е представял АТОМИТЕ.
(„За природата на нещата”).
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Sophie, elle sait toujours tout mieux que tout le monde !
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Sophie always knows better than anyone else!
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Софи винаги знае повече от другите!
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18
Ainsi, mon cher, les camemberts seraient des fluides très visqueux. Et il paraîtrait que le verre lui-même…(*)
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So yer sees, ol’ duck – fings like suet puddin’s is just very viscous fluids. An’ I reckons GLASS is too…(*)
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По тази логика, приятелю, сиренето „Камамбер” щеше да е течност с високо съпротивление на изливане. И вероятно и самата чаша... (*)
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Vous voudriez dire que…le principe d’Archimède !...
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You mean to tell me that Archimedes’ principle --
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Искате да кажете, че... Принципът на Архимед...
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Ne me faites pas dire ce que je n’ai pas dit !
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Don’t put words into my mouth, damn it!!
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Не ми приписвайте думи, които не съм казал!
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(*) Le verre est effectivement un LIQUIDE extrêmement visqueux.
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(*) Glass is effectively a very viscous LIQUID.
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(*) Стъклото всъщност е ФЛУИД с много висок вискозитет.
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Laboratoire d’Eurekation
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Eurekular energy laboratory
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Лаборатория „Еврика”
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19
Tu vois, Anselme, pour bien comprendre un fluide, il faut se rappeler au départ que c’est un ensemble de molécules qui sont comme des petites balles et qui rebondissent et glissent les uns sur les autres dans ce qu’on appelle le CHAOS MOLECULAIRE.
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You see Archie – To understand a fluid properly you have to realize at the start that it’s a collection of molecules, which are like tiny balls, bouncing and sliding off and around each other like a megalomanic game of billiards – MOLECULAR CHAOS!
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Виждаш ли, Анселм, за да се разбере добре какво е флуид, първо трябва да си припомниш, че това е съвкупност от молекули, които са като малки топчета – подскачат и се плъзгат едно в друго в нещо, което се нарича МОЛЕКУЛЕН ХАОС.
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Va pour le chaos
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O.K. Let’s have some chaos!
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Да се потопя в хаоса!
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Il y a vingt milliards de milliard des ces petites balles dans un cm³ de l’air que nous respirons.
Ces molécules sont si petites qu’on ne pourrait même pas les voir avec le plus puissant des microscopes.
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There are twenty trillion of these little balls in every cubic centimeter of the air we breathe.
They’re too small to see, even with the most powerful microscopes.
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Двадесет трилиона такива малки топчета се съдържат в един cm³ въздух, който дишаме. Тези молекули са толкова малки, че не могат да се видят дори и с най-мощния микроскоп.
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LA DENSITE
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DENSITY
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ПЛЪТНОСТ
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Le concept de densité est tellement intuitif que nous avons failli ne pas en parler
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The concept of density is so intuitive that we nearly decided not to mention it…
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Понятието за плътност е толкова интуитивно, че не си струва да говорим за него.
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Moi je ne comprends pas !
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I don’t get it.
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Аз не разбирам.
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C’est le nombre de molécules par unité de volume.
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It’s the number of molecules per unit volume!
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Това е броят на молекулите на единица обем.
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20
LA PRESSION :
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PRESSURE:
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НАЛЯГАНЕ
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Tiens, voilà un bon endroit pour m’entraîner
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Hmmm…This looks like a good place to practice…
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Я, ето едно подходящо за тренировки място.
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Le panneau est juste en équilibre.
Je reviendrai le fixer tout à l’heure.
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I’ve just got this board nicely balanced. I’ll just relax for a chile, and then I’ll come back and fix it properly.
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Тъкмо изправих дъската. Сега ще я закрепя.
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Ouh là là !?!
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Ooooooops!!
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БУМ!
Ох!!!
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Nuit de chine
Nuit câline
Nuit d’amour
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Falling in love again, never wanted to, what an I to do, can’t…
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Нощ на нежност.
Нощ на ласки.
Нощ на любов...
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Et là, qu’est-ce qu’il faut comprendre ?
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So wot’s all that s’posed ter tell us then, mate?
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А тук какво има за разбиране?
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Ça vient,
Ça vient !
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You’ll see,
You’ll see!
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Ще видиш, ще видиш!
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21
Il est fou, ce type !?!
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He’s a raving idiot this man!
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Този тип не е добре!
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Ce sont les innombrables chocs moléculaires qui se produisent sur une paroi qui créent ce phénomène qu’on nomme PRESSION.
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It is these innumerable molecular shocks that happen at a wall, that produce the effect we call PRESSURE.
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Именно многобройните молекулярни удари върху една стена предизвикват явлението, наречено НАЛЯГАНЕ.
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Voyez cette paroi, plongée dans l’air que nous repirons
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Here’s a dividing wall, or
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