L’aspirisouffle Flight of fancy
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- Навигация на страницата:
- THERMAL ENERGY
- ZERO ABSOLU
- LA CHALEUR
- ENERGIE D’ENSEMBLE
- LA CONSERVATION DE L4ENERGIE
- PRINCIPE DE CONSERVATION DE L’ENERGIE
- PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
| partition, submerged in the atmosphere.
_____________________________________________________________________ Вижте тази преградна стена, която се държи във въздуха. _____________________________________________________________________ Elle reste immobile parce que les poussées des molécules qui s’exercent de part et d’autre, à travers les collisions, s’équilibrent. _____________________________________________________________________ It says fixed because the forces exerted on each side by molecular collisions cancel each other out. _____________________________________________________________________ Тя е неподвижна, защото молекулите, които я бомбардират от двете страни, се уравновесяват взаимно. _____________________________________________________________________ FAN-TAS-TIQUE ! _____________________________________________________________________ Blow me down! _____________________________________________________________________ ПРЕ-КРАС- НО! _____________________________________________________________________ 22 L’ENERGIE CINETIQUE : _____________________________________________________________________ KINETIC ENERGY: _____________________________________________________________________ КИНЕТИЧНАТА ЕНЕРГИЯ _____________________________________________________________________ Un objet de masse m, animé d’une vitesse V… _____________________________________________________________________ An object of mass m moving at a speed V… _____________________________________________________________________ Обект с маса m се движи със скорост V... _____________________________________________________________________ POP …………………………………….. ПЛЬОНГ ....................................................... …possède par définition une énergie cinétique égale à ½ m V² _____________________________________________________________________ Possesses, by definition, a kinetic energy equal to ½ m V². _____________________________________________________________________ ... приема, според определението, кинетична енергия, равна на ½ m V². _____________________________________________________________________ THERMAL ENERGY : _____________________________________________________________________ L’ENERGIE THERMIQUE: _____________________________________________________________________ ТОПЛИННА ЕНЕРГИЯ _____________________________________________________________________ Voici un élément de gaz. Les molécules de masse m, y sont animées de mouvements désordonnés. Leur vitesse d’agitation, dite vitesse d’agitation THERMIQUE est V. _____________________________________________________________________ Here’s a lump of gas. The molecules are jumping all over the place. Suppose a molecule has mass m. Its speed of vibration, or velocity of thermal agitation, is V. _____________________________________________________________________ Ето един елемент на газа. Молекулите с маса m се движат безразборно. Скоростта на тяхното безразборно движение, наречена скорост на топлинното движение, е V. _____________________________________________________________________ L’énergie thermique de cet élément, de ce système, est simplement la somme des ½ m V² (des énergies cinétiques) de toutesl es molécules qui le constituent. _____________________________________________________________________ The thermal energy of this lump, (or system) is just the sum of the contributions ½ m V² of the kinetic energies of the individual molecules contained in it. _____________________________________________________________________ Топлинната скорост на този елемент, на тази система, се равнява на сумата от ½ m V² (кинетични енергии) на всички молекули, които го изграждат. _____________________________________________________________________ 23 LA TEMPERATURE : _____________________________________________________________________ TEMPERATUE: _____________________________________________________________________ ТЕМПЕРАТУРА: _____________________________________________________________________ Mon cher, excusez une question naïve, mais, cette agitation moléculaire, ça rime à quoi ? _____________________________________________________________________ Old bean – If I can h’ask a silly question – Wot’s all this ‘ere thermal h’agitation doin’? _____________________________________________________________________ Уважаеми, извинете ме за наивния въпрос, но какво означава изразът „молекулярно движение”? _____________________________________________________________________ C’est la température du gaz _____________________________________________________________________ It’s the temperature of the gas… _____________________________________________________________________ ТОВА Е температурата на газа. _____________________________________________________________________ Cela signifie que le gaz est CHAUD _____________________________________________________________________ Which tells us how warm the gas is. _____________________________________________________________________ Значи газът е ТОПЪЛ? _____________________________________________________________________ La TEMPERATURE ABSOLUE d’un gaz est la mesure du ½ m V² (de l’énergie cinétique d’agitation) d’UNE MOLECULE dans ce gaz. La Direction _____________________________________________________________________ The ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE of a gas is the size T = ½ m V² of the kinetic energy of agitation of a molecule of the gas.
_____________________________________________________________________ АБСОЛЮТНАТА ТЕМПЕРАТУРА на газа е равна на ½ m V² (от кинетичната енергия на движение) на ЕДНА МОЛЕКУЛА от този газ. Ръководството _____________________________________________________________________ T mesure le degré d’agitation moléculaire dans le milieu _____________________________________________________________________ T measures the average amount of molecular vibration. _____________________________________________________________________ Т обозначава степента на молекулярно движение в средата. _____________________________________________________________________ Et quand ça ne s’agite pas du tout ? _____________________________________________________________________ An’ if it don’t vibrate at all? _____________________________________________________________________ А ако няма никакво движение? _____________________________________________________________________ La température du gaz est alors le ZERO ABSOLU _____________________________________________________________________ The temperature of the gas is then ABSOLUTE ZERO. _____________________________________________________________________ Тогава температурата на газа е равна на АБСОЛЮТНА НУЛА. _____________________________________________________________________ 24 On ne peut pas descendre plus bas : on ne peut pas être moins agité que lorsque l’on est immobile, non ? _____________________________________________________________________ Yer can’t get no lower ‘n that, can yer? Yer can’t move any less than not movin’ at all, eh? _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ No molecular vibration – no collisions on walls – so no pressure! _____________________________________________________________________ Без молекулярно движение няма натиск върху стените, следователно няма и налягане. _____________________________________________________________________ Ça y est j’ai compris ! _____________________________________________________________________ Crikey – I’ve understood it! _____________________________________________________________________ Разбрах! _____________________________________________________________________ Résumons : plus il y a de molécules, plus elles sont agitées, chaudes, et plus la pression du gaz est élevée. _____________________________________________________________________ To recap: the more molecules, the more they hop around – warm up – and the higher the pressure gets _____________________________________________________________________ Да обобщим: колкото повече са молекулите, толкова повече се движат и се затоплят, следователно налягането на газа е по-голямо. _____________________________________________________________________ LA CHALEUR _____________________________________________________________________ HEAT _____________________________________________________________________ ТОПЛИНА _____________________________________________________________________ Un objet placé dans un fluide est soumis à une infinité de microchocs moléculaires, De cette manière, les molécules peuvent transmettre, échanger de l’énergie, de la CHALEUR. Le pouvoir de transmettre la chaleur croît avec la densité du fluide. Pour cette raison, l’eau est plus conductrice de chaleur que l’air. _____________________________________________________________________ When an object is placed in a fluid, it undergoes an enormous number of molecular microshocks. In this way, the molecules can transmit or exchange energy, or HEAT. The power to transmit heat increases with the density of the fluid. For this reason, water is a better conductor of heat than air is. _____________________________________________________________________ Обект, намиращ се в течна среда, е подложен на безброй удари от молекулите. По този начин молекулите могат да излъчват и обменят енергия, ТОПЛИНА. Способността им да пренасят топлина расте с увеличаването на плътността на течната среда. Поради тази причина водата е по-добър проводник на топлина от въздуха. _____________________________________________________________________ 25 Lorsqu’un cosmonaute « marche » dans l’espace, il évolu dans un air très raréfié (dix molécules par centimètre cube.) – Le degré d’agitation des molécules correspond à une température de 2500º. Et pourtant cet air ne brûle pas le cosmonaute, car il est trop peu dense pour communiquer efficacement sa chaleur. _____________________________________________________________________ When an astronaut “walks” in space, he moves in a highly rarefied atmosphere (10 molecules per cubic centimeter). The degree of vibration of the molecules corresponds to a temperature of 2500 º C – But this doesn’t roast the astronaut, because the air is so thin that the total heat transmitted is small. _____________________________________________________________________ Когато един космонавт „се разхожда” в пространството, той се намира в много разредена въздушна среда (десет молекули на кубически сантиметър). Степента на движение на молекулите съответства на температура 2500º. При все това космонавтът не изгаря във въздуха, защото той е прекалено разреден, за да бъде проводник на топлина. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ Brrr! 2500 º C and I’m freezing! _____________________________________________________________________ Б-р-р! Температурата е 2500 º, а аз замръзвам! _____________________________________________________________________ La température est élevée mais le flux de chaleur est infime. _____________________________________________________________________ The temperature is high but the heat flux is feeble. _____________________________________________________________________ Температурата е висока, но потокът топлина е нищожен. _____________________________________________________________________ ENERGIE D’ENSEMBLE : _____________________________________________________________________ OVERALL ENERGY _____________________________________________________________________ ОБЩА ЕНЕРГИЯ: _____________________________________________________________________ Voici un ensemble, un système de N molécules, à une température absolue T _____________________________________________________________________ Here is a collection, a system of N molecules, at an absolute temperature T. _____________________________________________________________________ Ето един комплект, система от N на брой молекули, с абсолютна температура Т. _____________________________________________________________________ Anselme lance la bouteille de gaz en lui communiquant une VITESSE D’ENSEMBLE V _____________________________________________________________________ Archie throws the bottle of gas, giving it an overall velocity V. _____________________________________________________________________ Анселм хвърля бутилката с газ, като й придава ОБЩА СКОРОСТ V. _____________________________________________________________________ 26 A cette vitesse d’ensemble V correspond une ENERGIE CINETIQUE D’ENSEMBLE ½ M V² M étant la masse totale de gaz contenue dans la bouteille. _____________________________________________________________________ To this overall velocity V corresponds an overall kinetic energy ½ M V², M being the mass of gas contained in the bottle. _____________________________________________________________________ На този обща скорост V съответства ОБЩА КИНЕТИЧНА ЕНЕРГИЯ ½ M V². М е общата маса газ, която се съдържа в бутилката. _____________________________________________________________________ Vous voulez dire qu’il y a deux sortes d’énergies cinétiques, alors ?... _____________________________________________________________________ Yer tellin’ me there’s two sorts of kinetic energy, ain’t yer? _____________________________________________________________________ Искате да кажете, че има два вида кинетична енергия? _____________________________________________________________________ Oui et non…Le système des molécules contenues dans le flacon a une ENERGIE TOTALE qui est la somme de cette ENERGIE D’ENSEMBLE et de l’énergie d’agitation thermique _____________________________________________________________________ Yes and no, old pal – the system of molecules in the flask has a total energy, which is the sum of the overall energy and the energy of thermal agitation. _____________________________________________________________________ И да, и не… Молекулярната система, съдържаща се във флакона, има ПЪЛНА ЕНЕРГИЯ, равна на сумата от тази ОБЩА ЕНЕРГИЯ и енергията на топлинното движение. _____________________________________________________________________ Dis donc, c’est sacrément compliqué, la mécanique des fluides ! _____________________________________________________________________ You’re right – It’s confoundedly complicated, fluid mechanics! _____________________________________________________________________ Ей, сложно нещо е механиката на флуидите! _____________________________________________________________________ Tu veux voler ? Alors apprends à voler ! _____________________________________________________________________ You want to fly? Then spread your wings a little! _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ MECANIQUE DES FLUIDES …………………………………………………….. МЕХАНИКА НА ФЛУИДИТЕ ………………………………………………………………. Bien…Le livre dit que, dans un système de molécules, on peut transformer de l’énergie d’agitation thermique en énergie d’ensemble _____________________________________________________________________ O.K. The book says that, in a system of molecules, you can turn thermal energy into overall energy. _____________________________________________________________________ Ами… В книгата пише, че енергията на топлинното движение на една молекулярна система може да се превърне в обща енергия. _____________________________________________________________________ Autrement dit : de la CHALEUR en MOUVEMENT. _____________________________________________________________________ In uvver words – ‘eat into motion!! _____________________________________________________________________ С други думи – от ТОПЛИНА в ДВИЖЕНИЕ. _____________________________________________________________________ 27 Pour ce faire, il suffit d’enlever le bouchon _____________________________________________________________________ All you have to do is take the cork out. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ Chiche ! _____________________________________________________________________ Go on then! _____________________________________________________________________ Давай! _____________________________________________________________________ SYSTEME DE N MOLECULES : ENERGIE THERMIQUE N x ½ m V² _____________________________________________________________________ SYSTEM OF MOLECULES: THERMAL ENERGY N x ½ m V² _____________________________________________________________________ СИСТЕМА ОТ N МОЛЕКУЛИ: ТОПЛИННА ЕНЕРГИЯ N x ½ m V² _____________________________________________________________________ LA CONSERVATION DE L4ENERGIE : _____________________________________________________________________ CONSERVATION OF ENERGY _____________________________________________________________________ ЗАПАЗВАНЕ НА ЕНЕРГИЯТА _____________________________________________________________________ Pour simplifier, on suppose que cette détente du gaz s’effectue sans obstacle extérieur, dans le vide La Direction _____________________________________________________________________ For simplify, we assume this escape of the gas takes place with no outside obstacle, in a vaccum.
_____________________________________________________________________ Казано по-просто, предполагаме, че това разширение на газа се извършва без външна намеса в пустотата. Ръководството _____________________________________________________________________ Hé !? _____________________________________________________________________ What the - _____________________________________________________________________ Хей! _____________________________________________________________________ V = Vitesse d’agitation des N molécules _____________________________________________________________________ V = Speed of agitation of the N molecules _____________________________________________________________________ V = скоростта на движение на N молекули _____________________________________________________________________ 28 Si cette transformation CHALEUR -> MOUVEMENT est totale, les molécules auront toutes la même vitesse V (d’ensemble) et l’énergie du système est l’énergie d’ensemble N x ½ m V ² D’après le PRINCIPE DE CONSERVATION DE L’ENERGIE, l’énergie totale du système, c'est-à-dire la somme de l’énergie d’ensemble et de l’énergie cinétique d’agitation (thermique) est CONSTANTE, dans ce processus. La Direction _____________________________________________________________________ If all the heat were changed into motion, the molecules would all have the same (overall) velocity V… …and the energy of the system would be the overall energy N x ½ m V ². By the PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY, the total energy of the system – that is, the sum of the overall energy and the thermal energy of agitation – is CONSTANT in this process.
_____________________________________________________________________ Ако това преобразуване ТОПЛИНА →ДВИЖЕНИЕ е пълно, всички молекули ще имат една и съща скорост V (обща) и енергия на системата, равна на общата енергия N x ½ m V ². Според ЗАКОНА ЗА ЗАПАЗВАНЕ НА ЕНЕРГИЯТА, общата енергия на системата, тоест, сумата от общата енергия и кинетичната енергия на (топлинно) движение , е ПОСТОЯННА през целия процес. Ръководството _____________________________________________________________________ Dites, si j’ai bien compris, dans le cas particulier de cette détente totale, la conservation de l’énergie donne N x ½ m V ² = N x ½ m V ² Soit V = V ? _____________________________________________________________________ Tell me if I got it right, old fruit. H’in the partickler case of total release, constipation of h’energy gives N x ½ m V ² = N x ½ m V ², So V = V? _____________________________________________________________________ Кажете ми, правилно ли разбрах – в определени случаи при това пълно разширяване запазената енергия ще бъде N x ½ m V ² = N x ½ m V ². Значи, V = V ? _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ Well, near enough _____________________________________________________________________ Точно така! _____________________________________________________________________ Application de cette transformation d’énergie thermique en énergie cinétique d’ensemble : PROPULSION PAR REACTION _____________________________________________________________________ One application of this transformation of heat into motion is:
_____________________________________________________________________ Приложението на това превръщане на топлинна енергия в обща кинетична енергия: РЕАКТИВНО ДВИЖЕНИЕ. _____________________________________________________________________ La tuyère des moteurs-fusées, ou “coquetier“, est une géométrie qui permet la meilleure transformation chaleur -> vitesse. La force propulsive vient du fait que, durant cette détente, la somme des forces de pression sur l’enveloppe n’est pas nulle. _____________________________________________________________________ The nozzle of rocket motor, or “eggcup”, has a geometry which realizes the transformation heat -> motion as efficiently as possible. The propulsive force arises because, as the gas escapes, the pressure on the container is no longer zero. _____________________________________________________________________ Турбината на ракетните двигатели във формата на „чашка за яйце” – това е геометрия, която позволява превръщането на топлината в скорост. Движещата напред сила произтича от това, че при разширяването на газа сумата от силите, действащи отвърте върху стените, вече не са равни на нула. _____________________________________________________________________ Каталог: JPP -> telechargeables -> bulgare bulgare -> Joyeuse apocalypse bulgare -> Всичко е относително jean-Pierre Petit Жан-Пиер Пети bulgare -> Приключенията на анселм лантюрлю énergétiquement vôtre bulgare -> A quoi revent les robots run, robot, run bulgare -> Cosmic Story bulgare -> Знание без граници Le Trou Noir bulgare -> Les Aventures d’Anselme Lanturlu Изтегляне 0.6 Mb. Сподели с приятели:
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